Directions in development of hydropower in the world, in Europe and Poland in the period 1995–2011

Scotland׳s hydropower: Current capacity, future potential and the possible impacts of climate change

“…The remaining potential in these areas therefore predominantly consists of refurbishing/upgrading existing sites and building new RoR installations. The extent to which further development is taking place in these countries is controlled to a large degree by the same economic and environmental factors that dominate in Scotland: studies from Spain [33,34], Germany [35], Poland [36] and the wider UK [12] all highlight licensing issues associated with WFD status and financial incentives such as Feed-in Tariffs as key factors in determining the level of future investment, as well the size and type of newly developed schemes.…”

The status quo analysis and policy suggestions on promoting China׳s hydropower development

“…VAT rate of thermal power is actually 8% after deducting the input tax of coal, while the VAT rate of wind power is 8.5%, for petroleum and natural gas is 10.2% and for coal mining and processing is 8.1%. Obviously, hydropower companies are highly taxed among energy industry [33]. The taxes and fees of hydropower construction also keep on increasing.…”

Polish heat pump market between 2000 and 2013: European background, current state and development prospects

“…Thanks to the favorable terrain and extensive river network, domestic production of energy in Austria is dominated by hydroelectricity [116]. The energy balance of Austria is completed by imported oil and natural gas.…”

“…For years it was conducted by good availability and price of electricity produced in numerous hydroelectric power-stations located all over the country [116]. As early as in 1938 in the Zurich city hall a radial compressor heat pump with 100 kW heating capacity was installed.…”