Disassembly methodology for conducting failure analysis on lithium–ion batteries

Williard, Nicholas; Sood, Bhanu; Osterman, Michael; Pecht, Michael

doi:10.1007/s10854-011-0452-4

Cited by 47 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…To gain information on the bulk and / or the chemical composition, SEM is usually complemented by other methods. For example, SEM is often combined with EDX analysis in order to determine the chemical composition and/or combined with cross-sectioning techniques such as metallographic preparation, 30 cutting, 39,42,74,[114][115][116][117][118][119] or ion milling. 120 Furthermore, removal of thin slices by FIB and subsequent SEM imaging, allows creating videos 119 and construction of 3D models of electrodes [116][117][118]121 (FIB/SEM tomography).…”

Section: Physico-chemical Analysis Of Aged Materials After Disassemblmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there are severe health issues that arise from the chemical compounds and the risk of damaging the samples by inappropriate treatment. 30 However, if certain protocols are followed, the disassembly of Li-ion cells is safe and gives reliable results on the composition of the built-in materials and changes during aging.In 2011, Williard et al presented a methodology for analysis of failed Li-ion batteries, e.g. after thermal runaway.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…after thermal runaway. 30 However, to best of our knowledge, no standard method is available for the disassembly and analysis of aged Li-ion cells, although until now, much research has been conducted involving disassembly of aged batteries without failure. in voltage curves into dQ/dV peaks.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, most authors discharge the cells to the end-of-discharge voltage prior to disassembly corresponding to SOC = 0%. 12,16,17,28,30,34,46,69,70,72 A defined SOC is also important for comparability of the results of different cells, e.g. aged and fresh cells of the same type.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…34 Williard et al suggest both O 2 and H 2 O contents below 5 ppm. 30 Most other authors do not comment on upper values of contaminations in glove boxes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Waldmann

Iturrondobeitia

Kasper

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

247

149

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Improvement of life-time is an important issue in the development of Li-ion batteries. Aging mechanisms limiting the life-time can efficiently be characterized by physico-chemical analysis of aged cells with a variety of complementary methods. This study reviews the state-of-the-art literature on Post-Mortem analysis of Li-ion cells, including disassembly methodology as well as physicochemical characterization methods for battery materials. A detailed scheme for Post-Mortem analysis is deduced from literature, including pre-inspection, conditions and safe environment for disassembly of cells, as well as separation and post-processing of components. Special attention is paid to the characterization of aged materials including anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolyte. More specifically, microscopy, chemical methods sensitive to electrode surfaces or to electrode bulk, and electrolyte analysis are reviewed in detail. The techniques are complemented by electrochemical measurements using reconstruction methods for electrodes built into half and full cells with reference electrode. The changes happening to the materials during aging as well as abilities of the reviewed analysis methods to observe them are critically discussed. Li-ion batteries are currently used in everyday objects such as smart-phones, power tools and tablet computers as well as in the growing fields of light electric vehicles (LEVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). [1][2][3][4] Furthermore, the rise of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, which are only intermittently available, demands reliable and highly flexible stationary energy storage solutions, which provide high capacities and predictable life-times. 2,5Aging of Li-ion batteries is a general problem for manufacturers as they have to guarantee long-term reliability of their products. For state-of-the-art cells, degradation effects on the material level lead to capacity fade and resistance increase on the cell level. The aging state of a battery is often characterized by the state-of-health (SOH) in % according to 3,16,22,[29][30][31] SO H(t) = discharge capacity (t) discharge capacity (t = 0)[1]where t represents the aging time. In general, one has to differentiate between cycling 7,16,18,21,[23][24][25]32 and calendar aging. 7,19,[21][22][23][24]27 Since commercial Li-ion cells can be subject to calendar aging in the time between manufacturing and delivery, it is good practice to measure the discharge capacity at t = 0 for each cell that undergoes an aging test. Since the discharge capacity depends mainly on temperature, depth-of-discharge (DOD), and discharge current, the SOH is usually monitored by regular check-ups with defined parameter sets, 7,16,21,23,24 which can vary depending on the application. Typically, a temperature of 25• C, 16,22,24 DOD of 100%, 16,21 and discharge rates of 1C 7,16,21,22,24 or lower 23 are used in check-ups. The performance dec...

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Section: Physico-chemical Analysis Of Aged Materials After Disassemblmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 Williard et al suggest both O 2 and H 2 O contents below 5 ppm. 30 Most other authors do not comment on upper values of contaminations in glove boxes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Waldmann

Iturrondobeitia

Kasper

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

247

149

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Comprehensive Study of Ti and Ta Co‐Doping in Ni‐Rich Cathode Material LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ Towards Improving the Electrochemical Performance

Kumar,

Ramesha

2024

ChemPhysChem

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Layered Ni‐rich oxides (LiNi1‐x‐yCoxMnyO2) cathode materials are of current interest in high‐energy‐demanding applications, such as electric vehicles because of high discharge capacity and high intercalation potential. Here, the effect of co‐doping a small amount of Ti and Ta on the crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of high Ni‐rich cathode material LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1‐x‐yTixTayO2 (0.0 ≤ x+y ≤ 0.2) was systematically investigated. This work demonstrates that an optimum level of Ti and Ta doping is beneficial towards enhancing electrochemical performance. The optimal Ti4+ and Ta5+ co‐doped cathode LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.09Ti0.005Ta0.005O2 exhibits a superior initial discharge capacity of 161.1 mAh g‐1 at 1C, and excellent capacity retention of 87.1% after 250 cycles, compared to the pristine sample that exhibits only 59.8% capacity retention. Moreover, the lithium‐ion diffusion coefficients for the co‐doped cathode after the 3rd and 50th cycles are 9.9×10‐10 cm2 s‐1 and 9.3×10‐10 cm2 s‐1 respectively, which is higher than that of the pristine cathode (3.3×10‐10 cm2 s‐1 and 2.5×10‐10 cm2 s‐1 respectively). Based on these studies, we conclude that Ti and Ta co‐doping enhances structural stability by mitigating irreversible phase transformation, improving Li‐ion kinetics by expanding interlayer spacing, and nanosizing primary particles, thereby stabilizing high‐nickel cathode materials and significantly enhancing cyclability.

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Inhomogeneous Aging in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Caused by Temperature Effects

2022

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Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as electrochemical energy storage devices due to their advantages in energy and power density as well as their reliability. One research focus is the cyclic lifetime of LIB, where the influence of thermal conditions during cycling is not yet completely understood. In previous publications, investigations on the cyclic aging behavior of LIB under various thermal boundary conditions are presented, including defined temperature gradients and temperature transients. Thereupon, herein, the results of cell openings and an extensive postmortem study with analyses of scanning electron micrographs, electrode thickness, X‐ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy are presented, evaluated, and correlated with the thermal conditions. The results reveal significant variations on the electrode and atomic scale for the different thermal boundary conditions during cycling. The electrodes exposed to a temperature gradient exhibit an inhomogeneous distribution of aging behavior that directly correlates with the local temperature. Cycling with superimposed transient temperatures reveals fundamentally different aging effects. With this knowledge, critical temperature conditions can be avoided in applications to prolong cyclic lifetime.

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Disassembly methodology for conducting failure analysis on lithium–ion batteries

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Comprehensive Study of Ti and Ta Co‐Doping in Ni‐Rich Cathode Material LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ Towards Improving the Electrochemical Performance

Inhomogeneous Aging in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Caused by Temperature Effects

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Disassembly methodology for conducting failure analysis on lithium–ion batteries

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Review—Post-Mortem Analysis of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries: Disassembly Methodology and Physico-Chemical Analysis Techniques

Comprehensive Study of Ti and Ta Co‐Doping in Ni‐Rich Cathode Material LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Towards Improving the Electrochemical Performance

Inhomogeneous Aging in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Caused by Temperature Effects

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Comprehensive Study of Ti and Ta Co‐Doping in Ni‐Rich Cathode Material LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ Towards Improving the Electrochemical Performance