“…The sensing layer obtains data from the external physical world through various means such as sensors or digital cameras, and transmits it through a series of short-range transmission technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), industrial fieldbus, Bluetooth and infrared (Liu et al, 2020;Mrabet et al, 2020;Cui et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2022a). With the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transportation, smart city and wearable technology (Atlam et al, 2018;Eini et al, 2021;Lopez-Castaño et al, 2021;Mondal and Rehena, 2022;Debeuckelaere et al, 2023), the IoT has a great demand for the miniaturization, integration, and low power consumption of sensors (Botta et al, 2016;Silvano and Marcelino, 2020). At present, new flexible sensors have been used in medical devices, such as electronic skin, personal medical devices and prosthetics (Hwang et al, 2015;Liao et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2016;Choi et al, 2016;Chortos et al, 2016;Ge et al, 2016;Park et al, 2016;Zang et al, 2016).…”