Discriminant analysis of trace elements in normal, benign and malignant breast tissues measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

Trace elements as tumor biomarkers and prognostic factors in breast cancer: a study through energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence

“…This finding is in agreement with other authors [7,21,27,30,33,34] and may be associated with structural [59,61,62] and metabolic aspects [18,19,63-67] as well as tumor development [68,69]. …”

“…Individually, these elements seem to contribute to various pathological processes, although all the roles of these metals in carcinogenesis are still unknown [14-20]. Previous publications of our group highlighted the study of some elements, such as calcium, iron, copper and zinc, by determining the concentrations of these elements in breast tissue by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques [7,21-23]. These studies showed, in agreement with others [7,21,22,24-30], that these trace elements are found in significantly higher concentrations in neoplastic breast tissues (malignant and benign) when compared to normal tissues.…”

“…X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a representative multielement technique for the analysis of trace elements [7,21,22,28,30-43]. This technique is based on exciting the atoms in a material by applying an X-ray beam with appropriate energy and subsequent detection of the characteristic radiation emitted, which in turn is proportional to the concentration of atoms in the material [44].…”

Determination of the elemental composition of tissues of the cardiovascular system by atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry and X-ray spectrometry methods

“…A small portion of the sample is required for the analysis; the method provides the determination of a wide range of chemical elements with low detection limits [14,105]. However, the method is mainly used for the determination of chemical elements in organic (biological) liquids and less frequently in tissues [128,136]. The example of using several X ray methods for the analysis of biotissues can be the determination of K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the samples of muscle tissue of animals (using different variants of sample preparation) by ED XRF, SXRF, TXRF, and PIXE [137].…”

A Procedure for the Improvement in the Determination of a TXRF Spectrometer Sensitivity Curve

“…The method is applied for elemental analysis 1 for both the quantitative and qualitative determination of elements with Z > 13; it is efficient and fast and requires only minute specimen quantities. It has been employed in a variety of disciplines, including biology, 2 physics, 3 biomedicine, 4 chemistry, 5 archaeology, 6 medicine, 7 geology, 8 and many others. TXRF is basically an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique in a special geometry.…”