Discrimination Reversal Learning in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)

Beran, Michael J.; Klein, Emily D.; Evans, Theodore A.; Chan, Betty; Flemming, Timothy M.; Harris, Emily H.; Washburn, David A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M.

doi:10.1007/bf03395599

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is thus possible that the two different pre-reversal criteria tap into different cognitive processes rather than reflecting different ends of the same process. The TI is calculated as follows for both high and low levels of pre-reversal learning [Delillo and Visalberghi, 1994;Rumbaugh, 1997;Beran et al, 2008]: TI = reversal performance (%)/pre-reversal performance (%)…”

Section: Doesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the TI methodology has been described in great detail [Rumbaugh, 1997] so that replicability is assured and data from different labs may confidently be compared. Furthermore, reliable TI data are available for numerous primate species, including multiple capuchin individuals [Delillo and Visalberghi, 1994;Beran et al, 2008]. However, to our knowledge, none using a comparable methodology has been reported for any member of the callitrichid family to date.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Reversal Learning, and TI in Particular, Reliably Estimate General Cognitive Ability 'g'? Transfer Index The TI is a measure used to quantify performance in reversal learning paradigms. It is measured in terms of the number of correct choices in a pattern discrimination task relative to a set number of conducted trials [Delillo and Visalberghi, 1994;Rumbaugh, 1997;Beran et al, 2008]. On achieving the pre-determined learning level in an initial discrimination task, the rewarded contingencies are reversed and performance under these conditions is measured over a set number of trials.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Can We Measure Brain Efficiency? An Empirical Test with Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Straßer

Burkart

2012

Brain Behav Evol

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Various measures of brain size correlate with cognitive performance; however, the fit is not perfect, which bears the question of whether brains also vary in efficiency. Such variation could be expected if a species faces constraints on brain enlargement, for example due to the impossibility of slowing down life history as a consequence of predator pressure, while simultaneously experiencing selective benefits from enhanced cognitive ability related to particular ecological or social conditions. Arguably, this applies to callitrichid monkeys and would lead to the prediction that their relatively small brains are particularly efficient in comparison to their sister taxa, Cebus. This study investigated whether callitrichids’ cognitive performance is better than would be expected given their brain size rather than comparing absolute performance between the taxa. As a measure of cognitive performance, we used the reversal learning paradigm, which is reliably and closely associated with brain size across primate taxa, and assessed performance in this paradigm (transfer index) in 14 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as representatives of the callitrichids. These marmosets were found to show higher performance than would be expected for their brain size, and this relative performance was also higher than the relative performance in capuchin monkeys. We outline how these effects may be due to the cooperative breeding system of the callitrichids, particularly the enhancement of behavioural and cognitive propensities associated with shared care and provisioning.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Can We Measure Brain Efficiency? An Empirical Test with Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Straßer

Burkart

2012

Brain Behav Evol

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“…That is, the degree of improvement relative to baseline should be a measure of the animal's cognitive flexibility (Bitterman, 1975). Research has shown that a variety of animals, including apes and monkeys (Beran, Klein, Evans, Chan, Flemming, Harris et al, 2008;Warren, 1966), horses (Martin, Zentall, & Lawrence, 2006), rats (Bushnell & Stanton, 1991;Reid & Morris, 1992), and birds (Bond, Kamil, & Balda, 2007;Ploog & Williams, 2010), show substantial improvement with reversals, which suggests that this type of flexibility has adaptive value (Shettleworth, 1998).…”

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Simultaneous discrimination reversal learning in pigeons and humans: anticipatory and perseverative errors

Molet²,

2010

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Pigeons were trained on a two-choice simultaneous discrimination (red vs. green) that reversed midway through each session. After considerable training, they consistently made both anticipatory errors prior to the reversal and perseverative errors after the reversal, suggesting that time (or number of trials) into the session served as a cue for reversal. In Experiment 2, to discourage the use of time as a cue, we varied the location of the reversal point within the session such that it occurred semirandomly after Trial 10, 25, 40, 55, or 70. Pigeons still tended both to anticipate and to perseverate. In Experiment 3, we required 20 pecks to a stimulus on each trial to facilitate memory for the preceding response and sensitivity to local reinforcement contingencies, but the results were similar to those of Experiment 2. We then tested humans on a similar task with a constant (Experiment 4) or variable (Experiment 5) reversal location. When the reversal occurred consistently at the midpoint of the session, humans, like pigeons, showed a tendency to anticipate the reversal; however, they did not show perseverative errors. When the reversal location varied between sessions, unlike pigeons, humans adopted a win-stay/lose-shift strategy, making only a single error on the first trial of the reversal.

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“…Esse arranjo experimental permite a busca por evidên-cias de learning-set de reversões e incorpora o procedimento de reversões parciais Dube, McIlvane, Callahan & Stoddard, 1993;Reis & Costa, 2002). Além disso, esse procedimento apresentou a vantagem de evitar o desenvolvimento de relações de controle não programadas, frequentemente observado em treino extensivo de reversões de discriminações simples com duas escolhas (Beran et al, 2008), e não produziu mero controle por sequências de respostas ao longo dos treinos de reversões de discriminações.…”

Section: Reversõesunclassified

Learning-set de reversões de discriminações simples em macaco-prego

Barros¹,

Picanço²,

Costa³

et al. 2012

Inter. Psicol.

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RESUMOA aquisição repetida de discriminações simples pode determinar uma crescente eficiência na aprendizagem dessas discriminações. Esse efeito é conhecido como learning-set. O mesmo efeito pode ser observado em reversões repetidas de uma mesma discriminação ou em reversões repetidas de discriminações simples combinadas (RRDSC). O presente estudo relata a aplicação de RRDSC com até seis estímulos (três positivos e três negativos), simultaneamente, com um macaco-prego (Cebus cf. apella). Ao longo das repetidas reversões, avaliou-se o efeito de learning-set em duas variáveis: a) número de acertos processados até o critério de seis acertos consecutivos e b) número de tentativas até o critério. Os dados indicam a obtenção de learning-set nas RRDSC. Discutem-se os procedimentos que mais contribuíram para essa demonstração. Palavras-chave: reversões repetidas de discriminações simples combinadas; learning-set; Cebus cf apella. ABSTRACT Learning-set of simple discrimination reversals in a capuchin monkeyRepeated acquisition of simple discrimination may determine an increasing efficiency in learning such discriminations. This effect is known as learning-set. The same effect can be observed on repeated reversals of the same discrimination or on repeated yoked reversals of simple discriminations (RYRSD). The present study reports the use of RYRSD with up to six stimuli (three positive and three negative) simultaneously with a capuchin monkey (Cebus cf apella). Over the course of the repeated reversals, the learning-set effect was evaluated taking into account two variables: a) number of correct responses processed until criterion of six consecutive correct responses is reached and b) number of trials until the criterion is reached. The data indicate learning-set in simple discrimination on yoked reversals. We discuss the procedures that contributed the most to this demonstration. Keywords: repeated reversals of yoked simple discriminations; learning-set; Cebus cf apella. A exposição a múltiplos exemplares de um mesmo tipo de treino discriminativo tem como efeito a aquisição cada vez mais rápida das discriminações, o que é conhecido como learning-set (Harlow, 1949). Na medida em que o número de exemplares da tarefa apresentados ao sujeito aumenta, o número de tentativas necessárias para o aprendizado diminui, o que pode culminar em desempenhos perfeitos ou quase perfeitos após poucas tentativas.O efeito de learning-set pode ser também observado em reversões repetidas de uma mesma discriminação ou em reversões repetidas de discriminações simples combinadas (RRDSC). O procedimento de RRDSC consiste em treinar um conjunto de discriminações simples (por exemplo, A1+/A2-; B1+/B2-; C1+/C2-) e, uma vez aprendidas as discriminações, processar reversões sucessivas das funções de todos os estímulos ao mesmo tempo (por exemplo, A2+/A1-; B2+/B1-; C2+/C1-).

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Discrimination Reversal Learning in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)

Cited by 37 publications

References 28 publications

Can We Measure Brain Efficiency? An Empirical Test with Common Marmosets <b><i>(Callithrix jacchus)</i></b>

Can We Measure Brain Efficiency? An Empirical Test with Common Marmosets <b><i>(Callithrix jacchus)</i></b>

Simultaneous discrimination reversal learning in pigeons and humans: anticipatory and perseverative errors

Learning-set de reversões de discriminações simples em macaco-prego

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