Diseases and Molecular Diagnostics: A Step Closer to Precision Medicine

Abstract

The current advent of molecular technologies together with a multidisciplinary interplay of several fields led to the development of genomics, which concentrates on the detection of pathogenic events at the genome level. The structural and functional genomics approaches have now pinpointed the technical challenge in the exploration of disease-related genes and the recognition of their structural alterations or elucidation of gene function. Various promising technologies and diagnostic applications of structural genomics are currently preparing a large database of disease-genes, genetic alterations etc., by mutation scanning and DNA chip technology. Further the functional genomics also exploring the expression genetics (hybridization-, PCR-and sequence-based technologies), twohybrid technology, next generation sequencing with Bioinformatics and computational biology. Advances in microarray ''chip'' technology as microarrays have allowed the parallel analysis of gene expression patterns of thousands of genes simultaneously. Sequence information collected from the genomes of many individuals is leading to the rapid discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. Further advances of genetic engineering have also revolutionized immunoassay biotechnology via engineering of antibody-encoding genes and the phage display technology. The Biotechnology plays an important role in the development of diagnostic assays in response to an outbreak or critical disease response need. However, there is also need to pinpoint various obstacles and issues related to the commercialization and widespread dispersal of genetic knowledge derived from the exploitation of the biotechnology industry and the development and marketing of diagnostic services. Implementation of genetic criteria for patient selection and individual assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment emerges as a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Thus this field is revolutionizing current era and further it may open new vistas in the field of disease management.

Secondary metabolites and Biological activities of Allium porrum L. attack Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

“…The structures were identified by physical (UV, EI/MS, ESI/MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) and chemical methods (mild and complete acid hydrolysis) [14,25,26]. These compounds were identified as quercetin- (6), isorhamnetin (7), kaempferol (8), p-coumaric acid (9), ferulic acid (10) and gallic acid (11). The spectral data of the isolated compounds were consistent with those previously published [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

“…The extract was defatted with petroleum ether (40-60ºC), then the residue (480 gm) was slurred with water, mixed with a small amount of polyamide and subjected to a polyamide column chromatography (CC). Six main fractions (F1-F6) were collected, dried and subjected to repeated purification on columns using Sephadex LH-20 to give the isolated compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Identification of the isolated compounds was carried out through R f values, color reactions, chemical investigations (complete and mild acid hydrolysis), physical investigations (UV, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, ESI-MS, EI/MS) and by comparing the spectral data with those previously published [14,15].…”

“…Functional genomics are concerned with gene expression levels by applying PCR or sequence based technologies. The goal of performing these trends is translating their research findings into early diagnosis, improved therapy and expectations of human diseases [8].…”

Stem Cell Biology: A New Hope in Regenerations and Replenishments Therapy

“…These stem cells of cancer are now termed as Cancer Stem cells, these populations are identified by surface makers of CD44, CD24, CD29, CD90, CD133, epithelial-specific antigen (ESA), and aldehyde dehydrogenase1 (ALDH1) as observed from different tumors [3,4]. The subsequent reports shows presence of CSCs in a variety of tumors, including Leukemia, breast, colon, pancreas, lung, prostate, melanoma, and glioblastoma [3][4][5][6].…”

Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics: New Insight in Disease Prevention and Cure

“…It is conceivable that with the alteration in the food habits and life styles, people are becoming more disposed to diet related diseases and disorders. Relentless progress in molecular biology and techniques over the past decades now resolve the association of nutrients and diseases at the personalized levels [1][2][3]. Thus, Nutrigenomics is providing the effects of ingested nutrients and other food components on gene expression and gene regulation, i.e., diet-gene interaction in order to identify the dietetic components having beneficial or detrimental health effects.…”