Disorders of higher visual processing

Barton, Jason J.S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52903-9.00015-7

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 509 publications

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“…Further studies in this area, with larger samples of participants, careful attention to potential confounding variables, and expanded neuropsychological test batteries, are needed to assess this potentially ominous effect of AAS use. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies, focusing particularly on regions involved in visuospatial processing, such as medial temporal areas (Barton, 2011), may also be informative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Kanayama

Kean

Hudson

et al. 2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

112

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Background Millions of individuals worldwide have used anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to gain muscle or improve athletic performance. Recently, in vitro investigations have suggested that supraphysiologic AAS doses cause apoptosis of neuronal cells. These findings raise the possibility, apparently still untested, that humans using high-dose AAS might eventually develop cognitive deficits. Methods We administered five cognitive tests from the computerized CANTAB battery (Pattern Recognition Memory, Verbal Recognition Memory, Paired Associates Learning, Choice Reaction Time, and Rapid Visual Information Processing) to 31 male AAS users and 13 non-AAS-using weightlifters age 29-55, recruited and studied in May 2012 in Middlesbrough, UK. Testers were blinded to participants’ AAS status and other historical data. Results Long-term AAS users showed no significant differences from nonusers on measures of response speed, sustained attention, and verbal memory. On visuospatial memory, however, AAS users performed significantly more poorly than nonusers, and within the user group, visuospatial performance showed a significant negative correlation with total lifetime AAS dose. These were large effects: on Pattern Recognition Memory, long-term AAS users underperformed nonusers by almost one standard deviation, based on normative population scores (adjusted mean difference in z-scores = 0.89; p = 0.036), and performance on this test declined markedly with increasing lifetime AAS dose (adjusted change in z-score = −0.13 per 100g of lifetime AAS dose; p = 0.002). These results remained stable in sensitivity analyses addressing potential confounding factors. Conclusions These preliminary findings raise the ominous possibility that long-term high-dose AAS exposure may cause cognitive deficits, notably in visuospatial memory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Kanayama

Kean

Hudson

et al. 2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

112

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“…Akinetopsia—selective loss of motion vision—is rarely described 1 2. Current evidence indicates that the brain treats moving stimuli as a distinct feature of vision 2 3.…”

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confidence: 99%

Akinetopsia: acute presentation and evidence for persisting defects in motion vision: Figure 1

Cooper

Joshi

Seenan

et al. 2011

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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“…Since stroke-like lesions in mitochondrial disease are often reversible, incomplete damage of the primary visual cortex may be related to the blindsight of our patient. Meanwhile, alternative mechanisms of blindsight have also been suggested 13. The colliculi14 and direct projections from the lateral geniculate body to extrastriate visual cortex15 are also thought to be involved in blindsight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving “ghost” images: a unique case of visual allesthesia with hemianopsia in mitochondrial disease

Murakami¹,

Ichikawa²,

Sugimoto³

et al. 2014

NDT

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A 49-year-old man with mitochondrial disease presented with visual allesthesia, a rare and puzzling phenomenon. He was admitted for treatment because of convulsions. After the convulsions ceased, he exhibited left homonymous hemianopsia. Brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a high-intensity area in the right occipital lobe. Both the hemianopsia and the MRI activation in this area disappeared by day 36 of hospitalization. On the morning of day 57, right homonymous hemianopsia emerged in a singular manner. The patient perceived an illusory object (a bottle placed by the bedside) in his left visual field, while the real object was in his blind right field. This case of visual allesthesia was accompanied by palinopsia, ie, perseveration of the image of the bottle. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed a new, high-intensity area in the left occipital lobe. We believe the visual allesthesia resulted from transfer of cortical information obtained by blindsight between hemispheres as a result of epileptic excitation.

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Disorders of higher visual processing

Cited by 45 publications

References 509 publications

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Akinetopsia: acute presentation and evidence for persisting defects in motion vision: Figure 1

Perceiving “ghost” images: a unique case of visual allesthesia with hemianopsia in mitochondrial disease

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Disorders of higher visual processing

Cited by 45 publications

References 509 publications

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users

Akinetopsia: acute presentation and evidence for persisting defects in motion vision: Figure 1

Perceiving &ldquo;ghost&rdquo; images: a unique case of visual allesthesia with hemianopsia in mitochondrial disease

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Perceiving “ghost” images: a unique case of visual allesthesia with hemianopsia in mitochondrial disease