Dispersal patterns in space and time: a case study of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae

Abstract

Aim To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids (Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae). Location Worldwide, with an emphasis on the Northern Hemisphere. Methods A phylogeny of euapioids was inferred from 1194 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences using Bayesian methods. The reconstruction of ancestral areas was performed simultaneously with phylogenetic inference using a Markov discrete phylogeographical model with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS). Routes with significant non‐zero migration rates were identified using Bayes factors. For each significant track and each tree, the distribution of dispersals in time was scored and the asymmetry of dispersals was evaluated. Results The root of the euapioid umbellifers was reconstructed at c. 44.51 Ma (95% highest posterior density interval: 39.11–51.55 Ma). The Eastern Asiatic Region was reconstructed as the most probable ancestral area for the root of the tree. Seventeen migration routes have significant non‐zero migration rates. Five of these tracks represent long‐distance transoceanic routes: (1) western Eurasia–North America, (2) Eastern Asiatic Region–North America, (3) Australia–Neotropical Kingdom, (4) Australia–Neantarctic, and (5) Neotropical Kingdom–sub‐Saharan Africa. Most dispersal events occurred among the areas that comprise the major diversification centres of apioid umbellifers: western Eurasia and the Mediterranean, Irano‐Turanian and Eastern Asiatic regions. The floristic exchange among these regions was more or less symmetrical in all directions and continuous in time. The exchange between North America and the Eastern Asiatic Region was asymmetrical; the asymmetry of dispersals between western Eurasia and North America was less pronounced and not statistically significant. Floristic exchange was significantly asymmetrical for the Nearctic–Neotropical Kingdom, Nearctic–Neantarctic, western Eurasia–sub‐Saharan Africa, and western Eurasia–Siberia migration tracks. Main conclusions The observed dispersal pattern – intense and symmetrical within the same climatic zone versus scarce and often unidirectional between climatic zones or along long‐distance transoceanic tracks – suggests that both the availability of suitable habitats and geographical barriers have played crucial roles in determining the present distribution of euapioid umbellifers.

Chloroplast capture and intra- and inter-continental biogeographic diversification in the Asian – New World disjunct plant genus Osmorhiza (Apiaceae)

“…Samples from these two runs which yielded similar results were combined and convergence of the chains was checked using the program Tracer 1.3 (Rambaut and Drummond, 2004). There is no fossil record for Osmorhiza and its close relatives, and fossils are rare in the family Apiaceae (Banasiak et al, 2013;Spalik et al, 2010). Applying three microfossils corresponding to Bupleureae (Gruas-Cavagnetto and CerceauLarrival, 1984), Pleurospermeae (Gruas-Cavagnetto and CerceauLarrival, 1984) and the clade of Scandiceae, Smyrnieae, Aciphylleae and Acronema (Sancay et al, 2006) as calibration points, Banasiak et al (2013) calculated the divergence times of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae employing 1194 representative ITS sequences.…”

“…There is no fossil record for Osmorhiza and its close relatives, and fossils are rare in the family Apiaceae (Banasiak et al, 2013;Spalik et al, 2010). Applying three microfossils corresponding to Bupleureae (Gruas-Cavagnetto and CerceauLarrival, 1984), Pleurospermeae (Gruas-Cavagnetto and CerceauLarrival, 1984) and the clade of Scandiceae, Smyrnieae, Aciphylleae and Acronema (Sancay et al, 2006) as calibration points, Banasiak et al (2013) calculated the divergence times of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae employing 1194 representative ITS sequences. The divergence between the Chaerophyllum-Sphallerocarpus clade and the Anthriscus-Geocaryum-Kozlovia-Myrrhis-Neoconopodium-Krasnovia-Osmorhiza clade was estimated to be 16.43 mya (95% HPD: 12.65-18.64 mya), and between Osmorhiza and the Anthriscus-Geocaryum-Kozlovia-Myrrhis-Neoconopodium-Krasnovia clade to be 11.08 mya (95% HPD: 7.85-12.65 mya).…”

Semenovia gyirongensis (Apiaceae), a new species from Xizang, China

“…Sequence data for the ITS 5.8S region were excluded from the analysis because they were unavailable for many previously published taxa. Conium maculatum L. and Conium sphaerocarpum Hilliard & Burtt were selected as outgroups (Ajani et al 2008; Banasiak et al 2013). …”

Taxonomic implications from morphological and anatomical studies in the section Stenodiptera from the genus Grammosciadium (Apiaceae)

“…As an example, in particular the genus Carum has been recently shown to be polyphyletic in its current circumscription, and its various members are even found in different tribes of subfamily Apioideae (Zakharova et al 2012). The stem group age of Careae is of about 22 million years and has a center of origin in the Irano-Turanian region (Banasiak et al 2013), and a long-term and spatio-temporarely shared evolutionary history of the various lineages is likely. Accordingly, taxonomy and systematics of these groups of taxa are still unsolved, because morphological characters often display high levels of homoplasy, and phylogenetic inference is scarce (e.g.…”