Disposable gold nanoparticle functionalized and bare screen-printed electrodes for potentiometric determination of trazodone hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations

Abstract

In the present study, screen-printed electrodes unmodified and chemically modified with gold nanoparticles were used as sensitive electrochemical sensors for the determination of trazodone hydrochloride. The sensors were based on the use of a tetraphenylborate ion association complex as an electroactive material in screen-printed electrodes with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a solvent mediator modified with gold nanoparticles which improve the electrode conductivity and enhance the surface area. The sensors displayed a stable response for 5, 6 and 7 months with a reproducible potential and linear response over the concentration range 1 Â 10 , 7.6 Â 10 À6 and 6.8 Â 10 À6 mol L À1 for sensor 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The analytical performance of the screen printed electrodes in terms of selectivity coefficients for trazodone hydrochloride relative to the number of potentially interfering substances was investigated. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in its pure and dosage forms and there is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives.

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Metal Nanoparticles for Small Molecule Sensing

“…As nanoparticulated material is mixed together, agglomeration occurs, diminishing the degree of dispersion, so, finally, bigger particles in the micro range are obtained with the same metal loading. This is the reason why only a few publications [14,15] are based on ink mixing with metal NPs, since the main advantage of NPs, a high surface area due to interparticle spacing and their nanometer size, is lost.…”

“…The affinity of sulphur against gold offers the possibility of performing direct detection of sulphur species, obtaining devices capable of detecting sulfite in beverages [31] and free sulfide in tap water [59]. Other molecules were also detected directly onto gold NPs or by mediation of the ion association complex [15], making the monitorization of ascorbic acid in serum [35], carbofuran in food [21], or trazodone in a potentiometric sensor stable up to 7 months [15].…”

In-situ production of Histamine-imprinted polymeric materials for electrochemical monitoring of fish

“…These tests were made for samples exposed for 12 h to ambient temperature, as these were still below the typical linear response of the biosensors. Thus, the background (real) concentration in the samples was calculated by interacting with the standard addition method for a logarithm response in x axis [27]. The experimental data obtained is shown in Fig.…”

Electropolymerized, Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on a Screen-Printed Electrode—A Simple, Fast, and Disposable Voltammetric Sensor for Trazodone

“…Trazodone (TZD) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the class of serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor [ 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. It is a triazolopyridine derivate and presents antidepressant, anxiolytic, and hypnotic effects, but produces lower anticholinergic side effects than other antidepressants [ 10 ].…”

“…Several analytical methods have been described for TZD determination in different matrices, namely, potentiometric [ 9 ], voltametric [ 17 ], atomic absorption and emission methods [ 18 ], polarography [ 19 ], HPLC [ 20 ], GC [ 21 ], spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric [ 22 ], electrochemical detection including MWCNT-modified glassy carbon electrodes [ 11 ], and trazodone-selective electrodes [ 13 ]. Additionally, for the electrochemical determination of TZD, some potentiometric sensors with different ion-exchange materials and ion pairs as electroactive materials have been reported [ 23 ].…”