Dissemination of Weed Seeds by Irrigation Water

Kelley, A. D.; Bruns, V. F.

doi:10.1017/s0043174500065073

Cited by 56 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Water level fluctuations have similarly been linked to seed transport in irrigation ditches (Eggington andRobbins 1920, Kelley andBruns 1975), in rivers (Staniforth and Cavers 1976), and along ocean and lake shorelines Harper 1967, Payne andMaun 1981). We conclude that the seed-dispersal processes of many wetland species are sensitively linked to the timing and magnitude of hydrologic events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Hydrochory and Regeneration in A Bald Cypress‐Water Tupelo Swamp Forest

Schneider¹,

Sharitz²

1988

Ecology

263

180

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology.Abstract. The importance of hydrochory, or seed dispersal by water, to the regeneration of Taxodium distichum (bald cypress) and Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) was examined in a forested floodplain of the Savannah River in South Carolina. Seedfall and dispersal by water were quantified for 2 yr using floating seed traps. Water depth, surface velocity, and flow direction were monitored over the same period.Seedfall for bald cypress and water tupelo occurred primarily from early fall throughout the winter, when water levels were rising in the swamp. Extended buoyancy periods for newly released seeds and fruits (bald cypress: 42 + 37 d; water tupelo: 85 ? 36 d) prolonged dispersal for both species. Flowing water transported experimentally released seeds long distances, but in a uniform direction, and concentrated them nonrandomly against logs, trees, knees, and other emergent substrates. An examination of the soil seed banks in five microsite types supported the results of the seed transport study. Lowest woody seed densities occurred in the open areas, and highest seed densities occurred in sediments adjacent to emergent substrates such as logs. Additionally, elevated water levels of 1-2 m caused by short-term, high-discharge floods scoured seeds of Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora, Quercus spp., Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda, and other species from adjacent bottomland hardwood communities and transported them into the bald cypress-water tupelo forest.We conclude that elevated water levels, which occur during late fall when seeds are released, influence the distribution of bald cypress and water tupelo seeds and their availability for recruitment. Short-term, deeper floods may also be important for seed transport among bottomland hardwood communities that are spatially separated or differ in species composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Hydrochory and Regeneration in A Bald Cypress‐Water Tupelo Swamp Forest

Schneider¹,

Sharitz²

1988

Ecology

263

180

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“…The similarity of seed size in populations from irrigated and nonirrigated dry regions is more difficult to interpret. Because irrigated lands may receive the equivalent of several hundred mm precipitation during the growing season (Kelley and Bruns 1975),their P-PE could be relatively high, especially for April-August. Why, then, are seeds not decidedly smaller in the irrigated areas?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Why, then, are seeds not decidedly smaller in the irrigated areas? It may be that irrigated regions are nevertheless drier, in spite of irrigation, or it could be that flood and furrow irrigation systems increase seed dispersal (Egginton andRobbins 1920, Kelley andBruns 1975). Selection against large seeds because of poor dispersibility should be relaxed in irrigated regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed Weight of Amaranthus Retroflexus in Relation to Moisture and Length of Growing Season

Schimpf¹

1977

Ecology

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Correlation analysis suggest that moisture availability is more important than length of growing season as a selective force for seed weight in Amaranthus retroflexus populations from eastern and central North America. Larger seeds are associated with drier environments, probably due to their capacity to establish seedlings from deeper soil horizons, where moisture is more reliable. Seed weights correlate better with long—term moisture availability than with more recent moisture patterns, indicating that populations do not track short—term climatic fluctuations very closely. A previously reported strong relationship between length of growing season and A. retroflexus seed weight is confounded by high correlation between dryness and short growing season, as well as by genotype interaction with abnormal photoperiods. Populations in flood— or furrow—irrigated regions do not have smaller seeds than those in the driest nonirrigated regions. This may be due to enhanced dispersal of large seeds by irrigation systems.

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“…Weed seed may be directly imported into agricultural fields via manure, crop seed, and irrigation water (Kelley and Bruns, 1975;Dastgheib, 1989). Obtaining clean crop seed, sifting contaminated crop seed, and filtering irrigation water are simple but effective tools for reducing these types of weed seed recruitment.…”

Section: Prevention Of Weed Seed Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review

Nichols

Verhulst

Cox

et al. 2015

Field Crops Research

353

299

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a b s t r a c tConservation agriculture (CA) is based on minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation; it is promoted as a sustainable alternative to systems involving conventional tillage. Adoption of CA changes weed dynamics and communities and therefore necessitates adjusting weed control methods. The objectives of this review are to summarize literature concerning CA principles and their interactive effects on weed life cycles and community composition, briefly review CA-appropriate cultural practices for additional weed control, and identify areas where further research is needed. No-till systems accumulate seeds near the soil surface where they are more likely to germinate but are also exposed to greater mortality risks through weather variability and predation. Assuming no seed input into the system, germinable seedbanks under no-till decrease more rapidly than under conventional tillage. Reducing tillage may shift weed communities from annual dicots to grassy annuals and perennials. Surface residues lower average soil temperatures and may delay emergence of both crops and weeds. Germination and growth of small-seeded annuals will suffer from restricted light availability, physical growth barriers and potential allelopathic effects from surface residue. Crop rotation affects weeds via allelopathy and altered timing of both crop management and resource demands. Rotations should incorporate crops sown in varied seasons (e.g., autumn and spring), annuals and perennials, different herbicides, and/or various crop families. Literature indicates implementing no-till without crop rotation can result in severe weed problems; greater rotational crop diversity results in easier weed management. Additional cultural practices for CA include: (i) selecting highly competitive varieties; (ii) altering planting dates; (iii) preventing weed seed recruitment; (iv) adjusting planting arrangement, densities, and fertilizer placement; and (v) microbial bio-controls. Further research is needed concerning: (i) the interactive effects of tillage and surface residue on weeds; (ii) the use of models and/or meta-analyses to predict weed responses, and to identify intervention points in CA; and (iii) the weed-suppressive potential of longer (4+ years) rotations.

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Dissemination of Weed Seeds by Irrigation Water

Cited by 56 publications

References 1 publication

Hydrochory and Regeneration in A Bald Cypress‐Water Tupelo Swamp Forest

Hydrochory and Regeneration in A Bald Cypress‐Water Tupelo Swamp Forest

Seed Weight of Amaranthus Retroflexus in Relation to Moisture and Length of Growing Season

Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review

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