Distinct Pattern of Gray Matter Atrophy in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Impacts on Cognitive Outcomes of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation

Abstract

rTMS enhanced cognitive functions in MCI/AD patients. We demonstrated for the first time that distinct pattern of GM atrophy in MCI/AD diminishes the cognitive effects induced by rTMS of the temporal neocortex.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on improvement of cognition in elderly patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Coppi et al () and Ash et al () reported using the fronto‐parietal–temporal lobes and prefrontal areas, respectively, without specifying the exact target site. Regarding the targeting method, six studies used magnetic resonance imaging‐guided navigation (Cotelli et al , ; Cotelli et al , ; Turriziani et al , ; Rabey et al , ; Anderkova et al , ; Lee et al , ) and three studies used a non‐imaging‐based technique (Ahmed et al , ; Drumond Marra et al , ; Rutherford et al , ), either a 5‐cm rule to locate the DLPFC (Pascual‐Leone et al , ) or an electroencephalography 10–20 system to locate the brain area.…”

“…Four studies reported adverse effects of rTMS, including headache, cervical and scalp pain, burning scalp and non‐specific minor discomfort (Anderkova et al , ; Drumond Marra et al , ; Rutherford et al , ; Wu et al , ). Wu et al () reported one participant with mild extrapyramidal reactions.…”

“…Turriziani et al () reported a superior positive effect on non‐verbal recognition memory performance with one session of low‐frequency rTMS over the right DLPFC. Application of high‐frequency rTMS over the bilateral DLPFC (Rutherford et al , ), right inferior frontal gyrus or right superior temporal gyrus (Anderkova et al , ) significantly improved cognition. In addition, deep rTMS over the prefrontal or fronto‐parietal–temporal lobes in patients with AD enhanced cognition (Ash et al , ; Coppi et al , ), where high‐frequency rTMS was suggested to have a better effect than low‐frequency rTMS (Ash et al , ).…”

“…Regarding the targeting method, six studies used magnetic resonance imaging-guided navigation (Cotelli et al, 2008;Cotelli et al, 2011;Turriziani et al, 2012;Rabey et al, 2013;Anderkova et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2016) and three studies used a non-imaging-based technique (Ahmed et al, 2012;Drumond Marra et al, 2015;Rutherford et al, 2015), either a 5-cm rule to locate the DLPFC (Pascual-Leone et al , 1996) or an electroencephalography 10-20 system to locate the brain area. Turriziani et al (2012) used low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz), and two other studies involved lowfrequency rTMS (Ahmed et al, 2012;Ash et al, 2014).…”

The Compensatory Role of the Frontal Cortex in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Identifying the Target for Neuromodulation

“…This mechanism is also in line with the gold standard of neuropsychological rehabilitation: since memory training is proven to be ineffective, promoting compensations that improve everyday life is the main aim of rehabilitation (Wilson, Gracey, Evans & Bateman, 2009). At the same time, the importance of adjustment of the neuromodulation protocol on the base of neuroimaging is discussed, since MCI is a heterogenous phenomenon (Anderkova, Eliasova, Marecek, Janousova, & Rektorova, 2015). Along with evaluation of the clinical efficacy of neuromodulation, it is important to continue improving these techniques.…”