Distributed dynamic strain sensing of very long period and long period events on telecom fiber-optic cables at Vulcano, Italy

Currenti, Gilda; Allegra, Martina; Cannavò, Flavio; Jousset, Philippe; Prestifilippo, Michele; Napoli, Rosalba; Sciotto, Mariangela; Grazia, Giuseppe Di; Privitera, E.; Palazzo, Simone; Krawczyk, Charlotte M.

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31779-2

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…It is capable of real-time data analysis for a virtually unlimited deployment duration as long as the interrogator unit is connected to a power source. While DAS has been extensively used in geosciences (e.g., 27 , 28 ) and industry (e.g., 29 , 30 ), its underwater and volcanology monitoring applications are still in their infancy (e.g., 31 – 33 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

Caudron,

Miao,

Spica

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Continuous monitoring of volcanic gas emissions is crucial for understanding volcanic activity and potential eruptions. However, emissions of volcanic gases underwater are infrequently studied or quantified. This study explores the potential of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology to monitor underwater volcanic degassing. DAS converts fiber-optic cables into high-resolution vibration recording arrays, providing measurements at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. We conducted an experiment at Laacher See volcano in Germany, immersing a fiber-optic cable in the lake and interrogating it with a DAS system. We detected and analyzed numerous acoustic signals that we associated with bubble emissions in different lake areas. Three types of text-book bubbles exhibiting characteristic waveforms are all found from our detections, indicating different nucleation processes and bubble sizes. Using clustering algorithms, we classified bubble events into four distinct clusters based on their temporal and spectral characteristics. The temporal distribution of the events provided insights into the evolution of gas seepage patterns. This technology has the potential to revolutionize underwater degassing monitoring and provide valuable information for studying volcanic processes and estimating gas emissions. Furthermore, DAS can be applied to other applications, such as monitoring underwater carbon capture and storage operations or methane leaks associated with climate change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

Caudron,

Miao,

Spica

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…in correspondence with the hydrothermal system. Their location did not undergo variation in time, and they were interpreted as the effect of the fluid pressurization within a series of resonating fractures extending from the hydrothermal system to the surface (Currenti et al, 2023;Federico et al, 2023). Finally, no evidence of pre-existing shallow magmatic chambers that could have been replenished with fresh magma has been found from seismic tomographies (Chiarabba et al, 2004), recent magneto-telluric investigations (Isaia, personal communication), and geochemical data analysis (Aiuppa et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…At the same time, SO 2 in the plume emitted in the summit area reached 2.7 kg s -1 , that is, one order of magnitude over the mean value of the last 13 years (Aiuppa et al, 2022;Inguaggiato et al, 2022). These geochemical anomalies were accompanied by a rapid increase in seismicity, characterized by long period (LP) and very long period (VLP) seismic events, up to 78 events per day in September, located to the northeast of the La Fossa Cone at an average depth of 750 m b.s.l., and by significant ground deformation (INGV Report, 2022;Currenti et al, 2023;Federico et al, 2023). This is the first unrest episode in which sharp and fast deformation, although with small magnitude, has been detected at Vulcano Island since the setup of the GPS monitoring network.…”

Section: Cylindrical Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of poro-elastic inflation at the onset of the 2021 Vulcano Island (Italy) unrest

Stissi,

Currenti,

Cannavò

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Thermal and pore-pressure variations induced by the circulation of hydrothermal-magmatic fluids in porous and permeable media contribute to ground deformation in volcanic areas. Here, we use solutions for the calculation of the displacements induced by pore-pressure and temperature changes for simplified geometry sources embedded in an elastic half-space with homogeneous mechanical and porous properties. The analytical solution for a spherical source is reviewed, and a semi-analytical approach for the calculation of the displacement for a cylindrical source is presented. Both models were used for the inversion of the daily deformation data recorded on Vulcano Island (Italy) during the 2021 unrest. Starting from September 2021, Vulcano Island experienced an increase in gas emission, seismic activity, and edifice inflation. The deformation pattern evolution from September until mid-October 2021 is indicative of a spatially stationary source. The modeling of the persistent and continuous edifice inflation suggests a deformation source located below the La Fossa crater at a depth of approximately 800 m from the ground surface undergoing a volume change of approximately 105 m3, linked to the rise in fluids from a deeper magmatic source. Corroborated by other sources of geophysical and geochemical evidence, the modeling results support that thermo-poro-elastic processes are sufficient to explain the observed displacement without necessarily invoking the migration of magma to shallow levels. Our findings demonstrate that thermo-poro-elastic solutions may help interpret ground deformation and gain insights into the evolution of the hydrothermal systems, providing useful implications for hazard assessment during volcanic crises.

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“…Global seismology also benefits from the large number of available infrastructures (Jousset et al, 2023;Wuestefeld et al, 2023). The success in using already deployed standard telecom fibers (Jousset et al, 2016;Lindsey et al, 2017;Sladen et al, 2019;Williams et al, 2019) makes DFOS particularly attractive for volcanoes in urban areas and sub-marine environments, such as Campi Flegrei and Vulcano (Currenti et al, 2023), in Italy. However, most volcanoes lack telecom networks, requiring the deployment of optical cables for fit-to-purpose experiments and potential monitoring (Contrafatto et al, 2019;Jousset et al, 2019;Currenti et al, 2021;Klassen et al, 2021;Fichtner et al, 2022;Jousset et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber optic sensing for volcano monitoring and imaging volcanic processes

Jousset,

Currenti,

Murphy

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This chapter describes fiber optic sensing methodologies and their applications for understanding volcanic structure and processes. We assess their benefits for volcano monitoring and offer possible solutions to address their challenges. The physical principles at the basis of fiber optic sensing technologies have been known for several decades. These principles are related to various processes involving electro-magnetic interactions of light sent by a laser within glass. Intrinsic physical properties of glass within the optical fiber, when engineered appropriately and interrogated with an adequate light source, enable us to access a number of environmental parameters, such as temperature, strain and rotation over a large frequency range. However, only recently developed instruments have been able to sense these parameters efficiently, either at a point or densely in a distributed way for geophysical and volcanological applications. Rotational sensors allow us to measure the rotational components of the seismic wave field, which have been discarded in the past. Distributed fiber optic sensing provides access to quasi-continuous measurements of temperature, strain and strain rate along km-long fibers with a high spatial resolution (meter) and sampling rate (kHz). We show examples on volcanoes both on land and in submarine environments. We demonstrate that data from optical strainmeters, rotational sensors, distributed fiber optic strain and/or temperature sensing can reveal unknown structural features and processes in volcanoes. These examples testify that fiber optic sensing methodologies owe to be implemented as additional tools for improved volcano monitoring and for volcanic crisis management.

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Distributed dynamic strain sensing of very long period and long period events on telecom fiber-optic cables at Vulcano, Italy

Cited by 14 publications

References 70 publications

Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

Evidence of poro-elastic inflation at the onset of the 2021 Vulcano Island (Italy) unrest

Fiber optic sensing for volcano monitoring and imaging volcanic processes

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