Distribution and Preliminary Exposure Assessment of Bisphenol AF (BPAF) in Various Environmental Matrices around a Manufacturing Plant in China

Abstract

Increasing attention has been paid to bisphenol A and bisphenol (BP) analogues due to high production volumes, wide usage and potential adverse effects. Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is considered a new bisphenol analogue which is used as raw material in plastic industry, but little is known about its occurrence in the environment and the potential associated risk. In this work, BPAF levels and environmental distribution were reported in samples collected around a manufacturing plant and a preliminary exposure risk assessment to local residents was conducted. BPAF was detected in most of the samples, with levels in river ranging between <LOD to 1.53 × 10 4 ng/L, sediments (0.520−2.00 × 10 3 ng/g dry weight, dw), soils (<LOD to 331 ng/g dw) and indoor dusts (7.82−739 ng/g dw) and well water (<LOD to 300 ng/L). Exponential declining trends were observed for BPAF levels with increasing distance from the manufacturing plant. Based on the quantitative data and quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) model deduction, BPAF was predicted to mainly retain in sediment and soil after released into the ambient environment and organic carbon was the domain factor during the process. The preliminary BPAF exposure assessment based on the CSOIL model suggested that children could have higher intake of BPAF than adults through inhalation of soils, dermal exposure by soils contact and bathing with well water.

Assessing developmental toxicity and estrogenic activity of halogenated bisphenol A on zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…The halogenated derivatives of BPA have been found in soil, water, air, and human plasma (Oberg et al, 2002;Thomsen et al, 2002;Fukazawa et al, 2002;Labadie et al, 2010;Song et al, 2012). In our recent work, the concentrations of H-BPAs in sewage sludge were 259, 142.5 and 45.1 ng/g dw for TBBPA, TCBPA and BPAF (Song et al, 2014).…”

“…BPAF was detected in about three-fourths of collected surface water and sewage samples in Germany, as well as in more than half of the sediment samples (Feng et al, 2012). Song et al (2012) reported that indoor dust samples collected from the local household contained BPAF with concentrations ranging from 15.5 to 739 ng/g dw. Because of high lipophilicity, low volatility, low water solubility and bio-recalcitrance (Voordeckers et al, 2002;Hakk and Letcher, 2003), these chemicals are persistent and prevalent contaminants in the environment.…”

Parallel assessment of the effects of bisphenol A and several of its analogs on the adult human testis

“…Canned foods contain the highest concentrations of bisphenols (Liao and Kannan, 2014). Furthermore, BPA-A have been reported in various environmental matrices, including water, sediment and dust (Fromme et al, 2002;Liao et al, 2012b;Song et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2014) .…”

Evaluation of the in vitro estrogenicity of emerging bisphenol analogs and their respective estrogenic contributions in municipal sewage sludge in China

“…BPF has been detected in surface water, sewage and sediments in Germany (Fromme et al, 2002). BPF and BPAF have recently been found in sediments and indoor dust samples obtained from North America and several Asian countries (Song et al 2012;Liao et al, 2012a,b). Of greater significance is the fact that some studies have identified BPs, such as BPA and TBBPA, in human serum, urine, and placental tissues in Germany, Sweden and Norway (Jakobsson et al, 2002;Thomsen et al, 2002;Dekant and Völkel, 2008;Vandenberg et al, 2010).…”