2019
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234730
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Distribution of Refractive Errors among Healthy Infants and Young Children between the Age of 6 to 36 Months in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia—A Pilot Study

Abstract: Uncorrected refractive error, especially myopia, in young children can cause permanent visual impairment in later life. However, data on the normative development of refractive error in this age group is limited, especially in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of refractive error in a sample of infants and young children between the ages of 6 to 36 months in a prospective, cross-sectional study. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was conducted on both eyes of 151 children of mean age 18.09… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Background 1.1. Clinical significance: we need an accurate method to evaluate the severity of hyperopia By birth, human beings are predominantly hyperopic, and as the age progresses, hyperopic eyeballs grow to become emmetropic or even myopic (1)(2)(3)(4). For children with refractive errors, the most common type is hyperopia worldly.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Background 1.1. Clinical significance: we need an accurate method to evaluate the severity of hyperopia By birth, human beings are predominantly hyperopic, and as the age progresses, hyperopic eyeballs grow to become emmetropic or even myopic (1)(2)(3)(4). For children with refractive errors, the most common type is hyperopia worldly.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By birth, human beings are predominantly hyperopic, and as the age progresses, hyperopic eyeballs grow to become emmetropic or even myopic ( 1 4 ). For children with refractive errors, the most common type is hyperopia worldly.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…A high prevalence might have been achieved had many CL wearers participated in the survey. The percentage of myopic school children in urban areas in Malaysia has increased over the years due to multiple factors 17 , 18 thus, the number of teenage CL wearers is also expected to grow. For CL demographics, the majority of CL wearers were females, and this correlates well with cosmesis as the main factor of wearing CL in this survey (40.8%).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Myopia was defined as SE of at least ≤-0.50 D; and hyperopia as SE refractive error of ≥+2.00 D. Astigmatism was defined as a cylindrical measurement (negative notations) of >0.50 D. 19 Anisometropia was a difference of at least 2.00 D between eyes in SE or cylinder. Refractive error was defined as SE ≥ +2.00 D or ≤−0.50 D. This definition was also used to determine refractive error groups, with refractive error having SE ≥ +2.00 D or ≤ −0.50 D and without refractive error having SE between +1.75 D to −0.25 D. 20 The data were analyzed in STATA version 14.2. Descriptive analysis was done in terms frequency, median and interquartile range (IQR) to analyze the distribution of the study variables.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%