Distribution of type III secretion systems in Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the northern Gulf of Mexico

Noriea, Nicholas F.; Johnson, Crystal N.; Griffitt, Kimberly J.; Grimes, D. Jay

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04722.x

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…T3SS2 appears to be involved in enterotoxicity in vitro and may play a role in the environmental fitness of strains (14,23,33). All V. parahaemolyticus isolates contain T3SS1 (31,33). Two distinct lineages of T3SS2 have been described, showing correlations of tdh with T3SS2␣ and of trh with T3SS2␤ (31,33).…”

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Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

et al. 2012

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In this study, 77 clinical and 67 oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from North America were examined for biochemical profiles, serotype, and the presence of potential virulence factors (tdh, trh, and type III secretion system [T3SS] genes). All isolates were positive for oxidase, indole, and glucose fermentation, consistent with previous reports. The isolates represented 35 different serotypes, 9 of which were shared by clinical and oyster isolates. Serotypes associated with pandemic strains (O1:KUT, O1:K25, O3:K6, and O4:K68) were observed for clinical isolates, and 7 (9%) oyster isolates belonged to serotype O1:KUT. Of the clinical isolates, 27% were negative for tdh and trh, while 45% contained both genes. Oyster isolates were preferentially selected for the presence of tdh and/or trh; 34% contained both genes, 42% had trh but not tdh, and 3% had tdh but not trh. All but 1 isolate (143/144) had at least three of the four T3SS1 genes examined. The isolates lacking both tdh and trh contained no T3SS2␣ or T3SS2␤ genes. All clinical isolates positive for tdh and negative for trh possessed all T3SS2␣ genes, and all isolates negative for tdh and positive for trh possessed all T3SS2␤ genes. The two oyster isolates containing tdh but not trh possessed all but the vopB2 gene of T3SS2␣, as reported previously. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, all strains examined that were positive for both tdh and trh also carried T3SS2␤ genes. This report identifies the serotype as the most distinguishing feature between clinical and oyster isolates. Our findings raise concerns about the reliability of the tdh, trh, and T3SS genes as virulence markers and highlight the need for more-detailed pathogenicity investigations of V. parahaemolyticus. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated illness in the United States and is generally associated with the consumption of raw molluscan shellfish (17). Even so, V. parahaemolyticus illnesses are believed to be highly underdiagnosed (143-fold), possibly due to the relatively low hospitalization (22.5%) and fatality (0.9%) rates (36). Another factor that may influence the underdiagnosis is the fact that traditional biochemical identification of V. parahaemolyticus has proven less reliable than molecular identification for clinical and food isolates (8,21). When an isolate is confirmed as V. parahaemolyticus, virulence characterization is typically performed. The virulence of V. parahaemolyticus was initially attributed to the production of a thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) (15, 26). The TDH is encoded by the tdh gene, and subsequently a related gene, termed the tdhrelated hemolysin (trh), was identified (26). Together, tdh and trh are widely considered the predominant indicators of strain virulence in V. parahaemolyticus (26,37,38). This is substantiated by the prevalence of tdh and/or trh in clinical V. parahaemolyticus isolates and the infrequent detection of these virulence markers in food and environmental samples (9,27,28,35,40).Investigati...

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Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

et al. 2012

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“…Other studies (19)(20)(21) have reported that the tdh gene is encoded and co-regulated with T3SS2a genes, and that the T3SS2b genes have been detected in trh-positive strains. Moreover, all isolates contain T3SS1 (19,20). Thus, the results of the assays for virulence genes in this study are consistent with those of previous reports.…”

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“…T3SS: We also examined T3SS genes as potential indicators of virulence by PCR assays according to previously published studies (19,21) (Table 1). The targeted genes were VP1670, VP1686, VP1689, and VP1694 as T3SS1 genes, VPA1327, VPA1335, VPA1339, and VPA1362 as T3SS2a genes, and vscS2, vscC2, vopC, and vopB2 as T3SS2b genes.…”

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The First Report of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Strain O10:K60 in Japan, a New Combination of O and K Serotypes Isolated from a Patient with Gastroenteritis

et al. 2016

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SUMMARY:Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans, generally associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood, particularly raw shellfish. There are many serotypes in V. parahaemolyticus resulting from a combination of O and K antigens. Among them, O3:K6 and their variants, which represent the pandemic clone, are the most widespread strains worldwide. In this study, we examined V. parahaemolyticus isolated from a gastroenteritis patient's stool at a hospital in Saitama City, Japan in 2013. Serotyping of the O and K antigens identified the strain as O10:K60. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a V. parahaemolyticus strain with this antigen combination in Japan. Subsequently, we used PCR to assay for pathogenicity-associated genes, and found that it was positive for tdh, T3SS1, and T3SS2a genes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the strain was susceptible to all selected antibiotics except ampicillin. Moreover, we detected specific marker genes for the pandemic clone with two kinds of PCR assay. Our results suggest that the isolate O10:K60 is a newly emerging serotype that belongs to the pandemic clone.

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“…Many bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SSs) for survival in the host by injecting virulence factors directly into the host. V. parahaemolyticus encodes two T3SSs that exhibit different phenotypes during disease (19)(20)(21). V. parahaemolyticus also exhibits "phase variation" and can switch from an opaque (OP) to a translucent (TR) phenotype based on polysaccharide production (22).…”

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Persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Is a Multifactorial Process Involving Pili and Flagella but Not Type III Secretion Systems or Phase Variation

Aagesen

Phuvasate

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus can resist oyster depuration, suggesting that it possesses specific factors for persistence. We show that type I pili, type IV pili, and both flagellar systems contribute to V. parahaemolyticus persistence in Pacific oysters whereas type III secretion systems and phase variation do not.T he genus Vibrio consists of a group of bacteria that naturally inhabit aquatic environments worldwide. The human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is commonly found associated with shellfish, particularly oysters (1, 2). Depuration is a controlled process in which shellfish are placed into clean seawater to reduce the bacterial contaminants in their tissues. However, depuration is not very effective at reducing the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus cells in oysters (3), and little is known about the association of V. parahaemolyticus with oysters.Both type I and type IV pili are important for bacterial attachment to a variety of surfaces (4-6). V. parahaemolyticus encodes a homologue of type I pili that is most similar to the CsuA/B operon from Acinetobacter baumannii (7) and homologues of two wellstudied type IV pili from vibrios, the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) and the chitin-regulated pilus (PilA) (http://img .jgi.doe.gov/) (8, 9). Vibrio vulnificus uses PilA for persistence in Crassostrea virginica (10, 11). Both type IV pili are involved in biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus (12). Flagella are often critical during early stages of bacterial colonization of a surface (13,14). V. parahaemolyticus possesses a single, polar flagellum used for movement in liquid (reviewed in reference 14) as well as peritrichous (lateral) flagella for surface movement (15-17 and reviewed in reference 18). Many bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SSs) for survival in the host by injecting virulence factors directly into the host. V. parahaemolyticus encodes two T3SSs that exhibit different phenotypes during disease (19)(20)(21). V. parahaemolyticus also exhibits "phase variation" and can switch from an opaque (OP) to a translucent (TR) phenotype based on polysaccharide production (22). In this study, we examined the role of V. parahaemolyticus pili, flagella, phase variation, and T3SSs in persistence in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.Oysters were collected from Oregon Oyster Farm (Newport, OR) and exposed to ϳ10 5 CFU/ml of V. parahaemolyticus for 16 to 18 h at room temperature (ϳ20°C) with a recirculating pump. Algae were added to the tank to facilitate uptake according to the manufacturer's recommendation (Phytoplex; Kent Marine). Depuration was conducted at 19 to 20°C for 48 to 72 h. At each time point, animals from each exposure tank were weighed, homogenized, and diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for enumeration on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 1.5% NaCl and either 100 g/ml streptomycin, 60 g/ml chloramphenicol, 10 g/ml phosphomycin, or 50 g/ml kanamycin, depending on the strain (see Table S1 in the supplemental material), to eliminate naturally occurring bac...

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Distribution of type III secretion systems in Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the northern Gulf of Mexico

Cited by 64 publications

References 32 publications

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

The First Report of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Strain O10:K60 in Japan, a New Combination of O and K Serotypes Isolated from a Patient with Gastroenteritis

Persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Is a Multifactorial Process Involving Pili and Flagella but Not Type III Secretion Systems or Phase Variation

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