Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition

Landis, Matthew S.; Keeler, Gerald J.; Al-Wali, Khalid I.; Stevens, Robert K.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.075

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Within that 5-year period, due to rapid industrialization, emissions in China alone increased by 250 t (Pacyna and Pacyna 2001). Most of the world's industries are located in urban settings, and a large proportion of Hg emissions from industries are deposited locally (Landis et al 2004). The greatest concentrations of Hg in soils of industrialized areas were at least 20-fold greater than background concentrations (Linde et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and sources of mercury in soils from former industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China

Luo

Lü

Wang

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and sources of mercury in soils from former industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China

Luo

Lü

Wang

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Nonetheless, the finding that RGM is not always highest at the 25 km site, closest the 1114 MW utility, could be explained if: 1) another RGM source, such as the chlor-alkali plant, or more distal regional sources, contributed to Hg speciation at the 100 km site; 2) Hg from the 1114 MW utility is carried over the 25 km site at a high altitude as a result of its stack design parameters; or 3) RGM was being generated within the plume through oxidation of Hg • . Because the mercury cell chlor-alkali plant is a such a large emitter, it may be a significant RGM source, even though this process generates predominantly Hg • (Southworth et al, 2004;Landis et al, 2004) with small fractions of RGM present (Landis et al, 2004).…”

Section: Mercury Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of mercury dispersion from local and regional emission sources, rural Central Wisconsin, USA

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Simultaneous real-time changes in mercury (Hg) speciation-reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), elemental Hg (Hg • ), and fine particulate Hg (Hg-PM 2.5 ), were determined from June to November, 2007, in ambient air at three locations in rural Central Wisconsin. Known Hg emission sources within the airshed of the monitoring sites include: 1) a 1114 megawatt (MW) coal-fired electric utility generating station; 2) a Hg-bed chlor-alkali plant; and 3) a smaller (465 MW) coal-burning electric utility. Monitoring sites, showing sporadic elevation of Hg • , Hg-PM 2.5 , and RGM were positioned at distances of 25, 50 and 100 km northward of the larger electric utility. Median concentrations of Hg • , Hg-PM 2.5 , and RGM were 1.3-1.4 ng m −3 , 2.6-5.0 pg m −3 , and 0.6-0.8 pg m −3 , respectively. A series of RGM events were recorded at each site. The largest, on 23 September, occurred under prevailing southerly winds, with a maximum RGM value (56.8 pg m −3 ) measured at the 100 km site, and corresponding elevated SO 2 (10.4 ppbv; measured at 50 km site). The finding that RGM, Hg • , and Hg-PM 2.5 are not always highest at the 25 km site, closest to the large generating station, contradicts the idea that RGM decreases with distance from a large point source. This may be explained if: 1) the 100 km site was influenced by emissions from the chlor-alkali facility or by RGM from regional urban sources; 2) the emission stack height of the larger power plant promoted plume transport at an elevation where the Hg is carried over the closest site; or 3) RGM was being generated in the plume through oxidation of Hg • . Operational changes at each emitter since 2007 should reduce their Hg output, potentially allowing quantification of the environmental benefit in future studies.

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“…2). Previous studies have presented the regarding principle, set-up, and operation of the Tekran TGM monitoring system (Landis et al, 2002;Steffen et al, 2002;Landis et al, 2004;Fu et al, 2010;Jen et al, 2010;Sheu et al, 2010;. The TGM monitoring system, with a sampling flow rate of 1.5 L/min, continuously measured atmospheric TGM every 5 min interval by using pre-concentration on alternating gold traps, thermal desorption, and quantification by the cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS).…”

Section: Monitoring Of Atmospheric Tgm Concentration and Correlation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Measurement of Total Gaseous Mercury and Its Correlation with Meteorological Parameters and Criteria Air Pollutants at a Coastal Site of the Penghu Islands

Jen

Chen

Hung

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigated the seasonal and daily variations of the total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration in the ambient atmosphere, the correlation of TGM concentration with meteorological parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity, and wind speed) and criteria air pollutant concentrations (e.g., SO 2 , NO x , CO, O 3 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 ), as well as the transportation routes, at the Penghu Islands. The field measurement results showed that the average TGM concentration during the monitoring period was 3.17 ± 1.17 ng/m 3 , within the range of 1.17-8.63 ng/m 3 , with the highest concentration being observed in spring, while the TGM concentration typically increased in the morning, reached its peak concentration, and then started to decrease at nightfall. Moreover, the lowest average TGM concentration of 1.81 ± 0.15 ng/m 3 was observed in summer, and this figure is close to the background TGM concentration of the Northern Hemisphere (1.6-1.8 ng/m 3 ). The correlation analysis indicated that TGM concentration correlated positively with SO 2 , NO x , CO, O 3 , PM 10 , PM 2.5 and negatively with ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. In addition, the transportation route analysis showed that elevated TGM concentrations could be transported from either North China, East China, or South China to the Penghu Islands, while those originating from the South China Sea had the lowest contribution to the TGM levels at the Penghu Islands. Therefore, local sources and open burning might be mainly influenced by the long-range transportation of air masses, as the prevailing wind direction and air mass transportation routes potentially play critical roles in the variation of TGM concentration at the Penghu Islands.

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Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition

Cited by 82 publications

References 11 publications

Distribution and sources of mercury in soils from former industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China

Distribution and sources of mercury in soils from former industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China

Patterns of mercury dispersion from local and regional emission sources, rural Central Wisconsin, USA

Field Measurement of Total Gaseous Mercury and Its Correlation with Meteorological Parameters and Criteria Air Pollutants at a Coastal Site of the Penghu Islands

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