Divergence and adaptive evolution of the gibberellin oxidase genes in plants

Abstract

BackgroundThe important phytohormone gibberellins (GAs) play key roles in various developmental processes. GA oxidases (GAoxs) are critical enzymes in GA synthesis pathway, but their classification, evolutionary history and the forces driving the evolution of plant GAox genes remain poorly understood.ResultsThis study provides the first large-scale evolutionary analysis of GAox genes in plants by using an extensive whole-genome dataset of 41 species, representing green algae, bryophytes, pteridophyte, and seed plants. We defined eight subfamilies under the GAox family, namely C19-GA2ox, C20-GA2ox, GA20ox,GA3ox, GAox-A, GAox-B, GAox-C and GAox-D. Of these, subfamilies GAox-A, GAox-B, GAox-C and GAox-D are described for the first time. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and characteristic motifs of GAox genes, we demonstrated a rapid expansion and functional divergence of the GAox genes during the diversification of land plants. We also detected the subfamily-specific motifs and potential sites of some GAox genes, which might have evolved under positive selection.ConclusionsGAox genes originated very early—before the divergence of bryophytes and the vascular plants and the diversification of GAox genes is associated with the functional divergence and could be driven by positive selection. Our study not only provides information on the classification of GAox genes, but also facilitates the further functional characterization and analysis of GA oxidases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0490-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Specific Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Dictates the Flowering-Runnering Decision in Diploid Strawberry

“…Comparison of FveGA20ox4 with other GA20ox from Arabidopsis indicated that the deletion was within the predicted catalytic domain of the enzyme Huang et al, 2015), thus possibly affecting its activity (Supplemental Figure 3B). GA20ox enzymes catalyze several reactions in the GA biosynthetic pathway to produce precursors that are further converted into bioactive GAs by subsequent enzymes in the pathway ( Figure 6A).…”

Manipulating Gibberellin Control Over Growth and Fertility as a Possible Target for Managing Wild Radish Weed Populations in Cropping Systems

“…Motif 14 overlaps the KLPWKETLS domain of GA20OXs, which is considered to define affinity for GA 12 and GA 53 (Xu et al, 1995;Sakamoto et al, 2004). Parts of both motifs 4 and 14 overlap a stretch of sequence characterized as being functionally divergent and under positive selection in GA3OX proteins (Huang et al, 2015). A number of studies have also observed the C-terminal tail (i.e., GA3OX motif 18), to exert important control over 2ODD enzyme activity.…”

“…RrGA3OX1a and RrGA3OX2a CDS and protein sequences have been deposited into National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database; accession numbers (KP271966) and (KP271967) respectively. GA3OX, GA20OX, and GA2OX sequences across the angiosperms were obtained partially from (Huang et al, 2015) with additional sequences identified with BLASTp at NCBI using Arabidopsis and rice GAOX sequences as queries. R. raphanistrum genomic and predicted protein sequences were mined from RadishDB: http://radish.…”

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE DWARFISM CHARACTER IN CULTIVATED PLANTS. I. GROWTH DISTORTIONS DUE TO MUTATIONS OF GIBBERELLIN METABOLISM AND SIGNALING (review)

“…Along with the biosynthetic enzymes, the third group of dioxygenases called C2,β-oxidases (GA2ox) is also important in maintaining active gibberellins pool. These enzymes transform active GA and their precursors to inactive forms by hydroxylating the molecule at C2,β position [29,35,36]. In addition to C2,β-oxidase, deactivation of gibberellins in rice plants may involve EUI epoxidase (Elongated Uppermost Internode phenotype) from the P450 monooxygenases family [28,29], and in Arabidopsis methyltransferase (GAMT1 and GAMT2, Gibberellin Methyl Transferases 1, 2) may be involved [37].…”