Divergent Polymer Superstructures from Protonated Poly(adenine) DNA and RNA

Abstract

Studies have shown that poly(adenine) DNA and RNA strands protonate at a low pH to form self-associating duplexes; however, the nanoscopic morphology of these structures is unclear. Here, we use Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence spectroscopy to show that both ribose identity (DNA or RNA) and assembly conditions (thermal or roomtemperature annealing) dictate unique hierarchical structures for poly(adenine) sequences at a low pH. We show that while the thermodynamic product of protonating poly(adenine) DNA is a discrete dimer of two DNA strands, the kinetic product is a supramolecular polymer that branches and aggregates to form microndiameter superstructures. In contrast, we find that protonated poly(A) RNA polymerizes into micrometer-length, twisted fibers under the same conditions. These divergent hierarchical morphologies highlight the amplification of subtle chemical differences between RNA and DNA into unique nanoscale behaviors. With the use of poly(adenine) strands spanning vaccine technologies, sensing, and dynamic biotechnology, understanding and controlling the underlying assembly pathways of these structures are critical to developing robust, programmable nanotechnologies.