Divergent Spatial Learning, Enhanced Neuronal Transcription, and Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Develop During Recovery from Post-Injury Sleep Fragmentation

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes pathophysiology that may significantly decrease quality of life over time. A major propagator of this response is chronic, maladaptive neuroinflammation, which can be exacerbated by stressors such as sleep fragmentation (SF). This study determined whether post-TBI SF had lasting behavioral and inflammatory effects even with a period of recovery. To test this, male and female mice received a moderate lateral fluid percussion TBI or sham surgery. Half the mice were left undisturbed, and half were exposed to daily SF for 30 days. All mice were then undisturbed between 30 and 60 days post-injury (DPI), allowing mice to recover from SF (SF-R). SF-R did not impair global Barnes maze performance. Nonetheless, TBI SF-R mice displayed retrogression in latency to reach the goal box within testing days. These nuanced behavioral changes in TBI SF-R mice were associated with enhanced expression of neuronal processing/signaling genes and indicators of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, a marker of BBB integrity, was differentially altered by TBI and TBI SF-R. For example, TBI enhanced cortical AQP4 whereas TBI SF-R mice had the lowest cortical expression of perivascular AQP4, dysregulated AQP4 polarization, and the highest number of CD45 + cells in the ipsilateral cortex. Altogether, post-TBI SF caused lasting, divergent behavioral responses associated with enhanced expression of neuronal transcription and BBB disruption even after a period of recovery from SF. Understanding lasting impacts from post-TBI stressors can better inform both acute and chronic post-injury care to improve long-term outcome post-TBI.

Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury

“…Moreover, post-injury mechanical sleep fragmentation caused increased expression of genes related to interferon signaling and microglia/macrophage activation, along with microgliosis and deficits in neuronal activation and function (Tapp et al, 2022). Similar neuronal deficits and BBB disruption persisted even after a period of recovery from SF (Tapp et al, 2023). Repeated stress modeling PTSD after TBI altered the mitochondrial electron transport chain and induced behavioral deficits (Xing et al, 2013).…”