“…Ground meat products and precooked, ready-to-eat meat items seem to be more prone to adulteration, due to the lack of external diagnostic traits for species identification. Several factors appear to contribute to this growing phenomenon, including economical gain, increasing diversity of products, complexity of international food trading networks, deficiencies in traceability systems for ethnic foodstuffs, as well as lack of effective methods to identify meat sources, particularly in thermally processed products (Rahmati, Julkapli, Yehye, & Basirun, 2016;Armani et al, 2015;Ercsey-Ravasz, Toroczkai, Lakner, & Baranyi, 2012). Regardless of the motive or the level at which adulteration takes place, the repercussions of this act are manifold, far exceeding economic fraud.…”