“…Based on coopetition, competitors cooperate in some areas while competing in others (Luo, 2007). Coopetition as a paradoxical concept (Dagnino, 2009;Raza-Ullah et al, 2014) is an essential element for achieving competitive advantage, efficiency achievements, performance improvement in economics, finance, market, and innovation, especially when competitors attain inter-firm learning (Bengtsson & Raza-Ullah, 2016;Burström et al, 2022;Fredrich et al, 2019;Mierzejewska et al, 2023;Molling et al, 2023).…”