“…Gold is perceived as a safe-haven asset 2 ( Beckmann et al, 2019 ; Harris and Shen, 2017 ; Ji et al, 2020 ; Mensi et al, 2017 ; Tanin et al, 2022 , Tanin et al, 2021b , Tanin et al, 2021c ), and investors buy gold as a hedging instrument ( Singhal et al, 2019 ). Further, gold helps investors diversify their portfolios, thereby minimizing macroeconomic risk ( Agyei-Ampomah et al, 2014 ; Balcilar et al, 2016 ; Baur and Lucey, 2010 ; Baur and McDermott, 2010 ; Beckmann et al, 2019 , Beckmann et al, 2015 ; Bilgin et al, 2018 ; Bouoiyour et al, 2018 ; Gürgün and Ünalmiş, 2014 ; Reboredo, 2013 ).…”