“…Introduction: housing affordability and affordable housing Introduction Over the past few decades, housing affordability at the household level and the affordable housing stock more broadly have gradually declined for most low-, very low-, and extremely low-income renters and for some lowincome homeowners in many countries, including the United States (McClure, 2019;Richter et al, 2019), Australia (Pawson et al, 2019), Germany, and Sweden (Hansson, 2019). Housing affordability and affordable housing challenges may impact a household's budget, leaving less to pay for food, utilities, transportation to work, health and child care expenditures and reducing savings for emergencies, retirement, and other opportunities, such as pursuing higher education or starting a small business.…”