“…2 Many authors have reported that R&D subsidies stimulate private investments (e.g. Almus and Czarnitzki, 2003;Hyytinen and Toivanen, 2005;Czarnitzki, 2006;Görg and Strobl, 2007;Özçelik and Taymaz, 2008;Aerts and Schmidt, 2008;Hussinger, 2008;Meuleman and Maeseneire, 2012;Czarnitzki and Lopes-Bento, 2013), but studies have also found that these funds partly or fully crowd out some private investments (e.g. Wallsten, 2000;Lach, 2002;Busom, 2000;González and Pazó, 2008;Gelabert et al, 2009 Bronzini andIachini, 2014).…”