“…These findings led to a new direction in the FR research. Hence, an additional effort was made to solve the masked face recognition (MFR) problem, which benefit from contributions in the form of case-study papers [17,16,36,34], methods [28,25,29,4] and competitions [5,11]. Moreover, the effect of masks were not exclusively linked to recognition and studies can be found on their effect on face presentation attack detection methods [15,16].…”