Does bisphenol A bioaccumulate on zebrafish? Determination of tissue bisphenol A level

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high‐production‐volume industrial chemical mainly used in the production of polycarbonates and epoxy resins utilized in the manufacture of containers, bottles, toys, and medical devices. It has systemic effects as an endocrine disruptor even at low doses. To analyze its quantity in biological materials, sensitive and reproducible methods have to be used. Different doses and duration (90 and 900 μg/L, 24 and 120 h, and 21 days) of BPA exposure to whole body zebrafish were analyzed after specific homogenization of tissue, and then a modified method HPLC was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile and water using a gradient method of reversed‐phase C18 column, and excitation = 227 nm/emission = 313 nm. The calibration curve for BPA using HPLC‐fluorescence detection method was between a concentration range of 1 and 1000 ng/mL and linear, and r2 = 0.999. The mean and standard error of mean values were 4.29 ± 1.05, 2.50 ± 0.92, and 2.53 ± 0.68 for control; 10.43 ± 2.61, 11.46 ± 3.24, and 8.55 ± 3.11 for BPA‐90 μg/L; and 17.78 ± 4.39, 21.55 ± 4.37, and 25.32 ± 3.25 for BPA‐900 μg/L (24 h, 120 h, and 21 days, respectively). Although some statistical significance among dose/time was observed between two different dose‐treated groups, statistical significance was not found in dose/time results within the group. However, the positive result of BPA in the control group can be explained by low‐dose, chronic exposure or prevalence of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals.

The toxicokinetics of bisphenol A and its metabolites in fish elucidated by a PBTK model

“…Five publications were identified in the literature to provide TK data for the calibration of the model (Lindholst et al 2000;Lindholst et al 2001;Lindholst et al 2003;Fang et al 2016;Eser et al 2021). A description of each experimentation can be found in Table 1 and an extended description can be found in SI section 7.…”

“…Experiments had been carried out on rainbow trout and zebrafish with various exposure scenarios. BPA levels were measured at 1, 5, 12, and 21 days (Lindholst et al 2000;Fang et al 2016;Eser et al 2021) or sampled at multiple times during a seven-day exposure and a seven-day depuration (Lindholst et al 2001;Lindholst et al 2003). Fish were only waterborne exposed to BPA ranging from 2 to 900 µg/L.…”

“…The model calibrated on stickleback data was used to predict BPA kinetics in zebrafish and trout. Predictions were obtained using the exposure scenarios described in the five publications cited previously (Lindholst et al 2000;Lindholst et al 2001;Lindholst et al 2003;Fang et al 2016;Eser et al 2021) and compared to the data from these publications (for model simulation inputs see Table S14). In addition, a comparison was performed between the fold changes obtained by Grech et al (2019) for BPA TK data and the current PBTK (see section 7 in SI).…”

“…Another issue was identified with a recent publication of BPA uptake in zebrafish wholebody. Indeed, in Eser et al (2021), zebrafish were exposed to the nominal dose of 90 µg/L, and body burden was analytically measured and raised 11.46 ng/mL after a five-day exposure.…”