Does defoliation induce chemical and morphological defenses in the leaves of silver birch seedlings under changing climate?

Huttunen, Liisa; Niemelä, Pekka; Julkunen‐Tiitto, Riitta; Heiska, Susanne; Tegelberg, Riitta; Rousi, Matti; Kellomäki, Seppo

doi:10.1007/s00049-007-0397-5

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Thus, these results highlight the advantage of using metabolomic with other omic techniques at once to reach a general and integrated overview of the responses of organisms in response to environmental changes. Increases of phenolic compound contents have been observed in target analysis at high [CO 2 ] exposure (Huttunen et al 2008) (Table 1). This linkage between high [CO 2 ] environmental concentrations and high C-rich compound concentrations warrants being studied together with the whole organism metabolome.…”

Section: Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 96%

Ecological metabolomics: overview of current developments and future challenges

2011

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Ecometabolomics, which aims to analyze the metabolome, the total number of metabolites and its shifts in response to environmental changes, is gaining importance in ecological studies because of the increasing use of new technical advances, such as modern HNMR spectrometers and GC-MS coupled to bioinformatic advances. We review here the state of the art and the perspectives of ecometabolomics. The studies available demonstrate ecometabolomic techniques have great sensitivity in detecting the phenotypic mechanisms and key molecules underlying organism responses to abiotic environmental changes to biotic interactions. But such studies are still scarce, and in most cases they are limited to the direct effects of a single abiotic factor or of biotic interactions between two trophic levels under controlled conditions. Several exciting challenges remain to be achieved through the use of ecometabolomics in field conditions, involving more than two trophic levels, or combining the effects of abiotic gradients with intra-and inter-specific relationships. The coupling of ecometabolomic studies with genomics, transcriptomics, ecosystem stoichiometry, community biology and biogeochemistry may provide a further step forward in many areas of ecological sciences, including stress responses, species lifestyle, life history variation, population structure, trophic interaction, nutrient cycling, ecological niche and global change.

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Section: Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 96%

Ecological metabolomics: overview of current developments and future challenges

2011

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“…Thus, enriched CO 2 atmospheres have been predicted to enhance induced chemical responses. Evidence to date, however, suggests that CO 2 does not modify induced chemical responses to defoliation in trees, although only a few studies have been conducted (Lindroth and Kinney 1998;Roth et al 1998;Agrell et al 1999;Rossi et al 2004;Hall et al 2005;Huttunen et al 2008).…”

Section: Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and O3 on Forests: Phytochemistry, Trophic Interactions, and Ecosystem Dynamics

2010

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Prominent among the many factors now affecting the sustainability of forest ecosystems are anthropogenically-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3). CO2 is the substrate for photosynthesis and thus can accelerate tree growth, whereas O3 is a highly reactive oxygen species and interferes with basic physiological functions. This review summarizes the impacts of CO2 and O3 on tree chemical composition and highlights the consequences thereof for trophic interactions and ecosystem dynamics. CO2 and O3 influence phytochemical composition by altering substrate availability and biochemical/physiological processes such as photosynthesis and defense signaling pathways. Growth of trees under enriched CO2 generally leads to an increase in the C/N ratio, due to a decline in foliar nitrogen and concomitant increases in carbohydrates and phenolics. Terpenoid levels generally are not affected by atmospheric CO2 concentration. O3 triggers up-regulation of antioxidant defense pathways, leading to the production of simple phenolics and flavonoids (more so in angiosperms than gymnosperms). Tannins levels generally are unaffected, while terpenoids exhibit variable responses. In combination, CO2 and O3 exert both additive and interactive effects on tree chemical composition. CO2-and O3-mediated changes in plant chemistry influence host selection, individual performance (development, growth, reproduction), and population densities of herbivores (primarily phytophagous insects) and soil invertebrates. These changes can effect shifts in the amount and temporal pattern of forest canopy damage and organic substrate deposition. Decomposition rates of leaf litter produced under elevated CO2 and O3 may or may not be altered, and can respond to both the independent and interactive effects of the pollutants. Overall, however, CO2 and O3 effects on decomposition will be influenced more by their impacts on the quantity, rather than quality, of litter produced. A prominent theme to emerge from this and related reviews is that the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on plant chemistry and ecological interactions are highly context- and species-specific, thus frustrating attempts to identify general, global patterns. Many of the interactions that govern above- and below-ground community and ecosystem processes are chemically mediated, ultimately influencing terrestrial carbon sequestration and feeding back to influence atmospheric composition. Thus, the discipline of chemical ecology is fundamentally important for elucidating the impacts of humans on the health and sustainability of forest ecosystems. Future research should seek to increase the diversity of natural products, species, and biomes studied; incorporate long-term, multi-factor experiments; and employ a comprehensive “genes to ecosystems” perspective that couples genetic/genomic tools with the approaches of evolutionary and ecosystem ecology.

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“…For example, in the herbivoretreated seedlings, the level of 3,4′-dihydroxypropiophenone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (DHPPG) increased, while the level of soluble condensed tannins (CTs) decreased. DHPPG is considered to be a defense against herbivory (Keinänen et al, 1999;Mutikainen et al, 2000;Huttunen et al, 2008), while CTs may decrease the defensive properties of other phenolics (Barbehenn et al, 2006). In earlier studies, the level of DHPPG also was increased by herbivory (Keinänen et al, 1999;Mutikainen et al, 2000;Huttunen et al, 2008), while the level of soluble CTs decreased in silver birch (Huttunen et al, 2008) and their precursors did in mountain birch (Anttila et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Silver or European white birch (B. pendula) is widely distributed throughout Eurasia (Hämet-Ahti et al, 1998). Silver birch is a host for a wide variety of insect and mammalian herbivores, and its resistance to these herbivores has been intensively studied (e.g., Rousi et al, 1991;Mutikainen et al, 2000;Huttunen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron Fertilization Enhances the Induced Defense of Silver Birch

et al. 2011

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Boron (B) deficiency is a common micronutrient deficiency that has been reported to affect the phenolic metabolism of plants. Thus, it may play a role in defense against herbivorous animals. However, the role of B in a plant's resistance to herbivores has not received any particular attention from researchers. In this study, we tested the effects of B nutrition 1) on the biochemical and mechanical defenses of birches and the growth of seedlings, and 2) the resistance of seedlings to larvae of the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata. Boron fertilization improved the resistance of birch, which was shown as reduced pupal weight of the herbivore. However, B fertilized trees suffered from heavier defoliation than unfertilized ones due to compensation feeding of larvae. The growth of the seedlings was diminished, and several biochemical changes occurred in leaves of herbivore seedlings, and B also played a role in these changes. Polyphenoloxidases (PPOs) and peroxidases (PODs) and their substrates, chlorogenic acids, were induced by herbivory in B fertilized seedlings but not in unfertilized seedlings. The lower pupal weights and increased consumption of the herbivores were probably linked to the plants' phenoloxidase-mediated production of reactive quinones, which decrease the nutritive value. Herbivory upon new stems led to an increase in the number of resin glands that provide defense against mammalian herbivores. Herbivory also had a substantially negative effect on B concentration in leaves of B fertilized seedlings. We postulate that B nutrition of trees may play a significant role in the induced defense of birches.

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Does defoliation induce chemical and morphological defenses in the leaves of silver birch seedlings under changing climate?

Cited by 13 publications

References 52 publications

Ecological metabolomics: overview of current developments and future challenges

Ecological metabolomics: overview of current developments and future challenges

Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and O3 on Forests: Phytochemistry, Trophic Interactions, and Ecosystem Dynamics

Boron Fertilization Enhances the Induced Defense of Silver Birch

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