“…However, researchers have used many theories to demonstrate the intuitive relationships between EL and CSR, for example, agency theory, institutional theory, managerial value theory, stakeholder theory, upper echelon theory, Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, and stakeholder engagement theory (Coombs & Gilley, 2005;Deckop, Merriman, & Gupta, 2006;Manner, 2010;Vollero, Siano, Palazzo, & Amabile, 2019;Waheed & Yang, 2019). But there is still debate among researchers whether EL impacts CSR (Lee, Seo, & Sharma, 2013;Mishra & Schmidt, 2018), whether the effect of CSR on financial performance (FP) is positive, negative, or neutral (Aras, Aybars, & Kutlu, 2010;Hood, 2003;Lee et al, 2013;Youn et al, 2015), and whether EL and CSR together affect positively FP (Aras et al, 2010;Lee & Roh, 2012).…”