Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase: An Enzyme with Therapeutic Potential to Combat Neural and Cardiovascular Diseases

Molecular Imprinted Poly(2,5-benzimidazole)-Modified VO2–CuWO4 Homotype Heterojunction for Photoelectrochemical Dopamine Sensing

“…Dopamine (DA) as a critical neurotransmitter plays an important role in normal human life and controls the metabolism and functioning of the central nervous, renal, and hormone systems. − Abnormal (low) levels of DA can cause neurological disorders such as hypertension, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, HIV, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while high DA levels can make people addicted. − Thus, there is an urgent demand to develop a robust, rapid, sensitive, and selective strategy for DA monitoring for disease prevention and treatment. Various analytical and bioanalytical methods, including colorimetric method, surface plasmon resonance, ion-exchange chromatography, fluorescence, high-performance liquid chromatography, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, and electrochemical method, have been developed to monitor DA in different media. ,− High signal background (low sensitivity) and bulky instruments are significant challenges in these methods. , Alternatively, increasing efforts have been focused on photoelectrochemical (PEC) assays as an attractive frontier in state-of-the-art analysis because of their advantages, such as low background signals and separation of excitation and detection signals. − PEC sensors are consisting of photoelectrically active support such as functional semiconductors (SCs) and quantum dots, as well as recognition agents such as aptamer, antibodies, protein, and so on. − Considering the inherent disadvantages of antibodies and aptamers such as low stability, high cost, photoelectric inactivity, and complex operation, developing novel recognition agents are very vital. − In addition, the strong oxidizability of OH radicals generated in PEC oxidation causes photocorrosion and severe reduction of selectivity. , Therefore, for designing a robust PEC sensor, the selection of a stable, biocompatible, photoelectrically active, and cost-effective recognition element of high electron mobility, excellent chemical and thermal stability, and photoelectrically active support is of high importance …”