Dopamine D4 receptor gene and religious affiliation correlate with dictator game altruism in males and not females: evidence for gender-sensitive gene × culture interaction

Abstract

On a large sample of 2288 Han Chinese undergraduates, we investigated how religion and DRD4 are related to human altruistic giving behavior as measured with the Andreoni-Miller Dictator Game. This game enables us to clearly specify (non-)selfishness, efficiency, and fairness motives for sharing. Participants were further classified into religious categories (Christian, Buddhist-Tao, and No Religion) based on self-reports, and genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III VNTR. Our analysis revealed a significant interaction between religion and DRD4 correlated with giving behavior solely among males: Whereas no significant association between religion and sharing decisions was observed in the majority 4R/4R genotype group, a significant difference in giving behavior between Christian and non-Christian males was seen in the non-4R/4R group, with Christian men being overall more altruistic (less selfish and fairer) than non-Christian men. These results support the vantage sensitivity hypothesis regarding DRD4 that the non-4R/4R “susceptibility” genotype is more responsive to a positive environment provided by some religions.

The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia

“…Priming had no effect on non-carriers. These findings were partially replicated by Jiang et al (2015 (Zhong et al, 2010). There is thus a stronger commitment to the universality of social norms.…”

Pemelekan and Pengebugan: representation of the strengthening of social species of female and male gender through gangsing games

“…These aspects are viewed as masculine elements, which are associated with the male gender. This perception shapes the understanding of the Pedawa people, who believe that the gangsing game is only for boys when the game cycle adopts a female symbol [12].…”

“…When compared with literary works have the same function as traditional games as value transformation, through feminist literary criticism there are works of literary in which the placement of women is inversely related to traditional games on gangsing. Children's literary works that were born after 2000s show female figure tend to be positive with the spirit of girl power [12]. The game of gansing can be positioned as a work of art that can be transformed like any other work of art.…”

The interactions of dopamine D4 receptor and family cohesion or conflict on university students’ prosocial tendency

“…(2) 在与基因相关的社会行为上, 已有研究较多探 讨的是负性行为 [7,8,17,23~25] [28,29] , 但此类研究偏少, 需要继续加强, 尤其是 要将家庭等环境因素引入. 这样不仅能够探明亚洲人 群DRD4基因、家庭因素与正性社会行为的关系机制, 而且能够为亲社会等积极行为的培养有针对性地提出 有价值的策略建议.…”

“…前述多项研究支持了差别敏感性 模型, 即携带DRD4-7R的个体在积极的家庭中, 表现出 更少的外化问题行为和更多的亲社会行为; 而在消极 的家庭中正好相反, 表现出较高水平的外化问题行为 和更少的亲社会行为 [11,13,23~25] . 还有研究支持优势敏感 性模型, 发现非DRD4-4R/4R在积极环境中表现出更少 的自私和更高的公平 [28] . 性DRD4-7R携带者的婴儿期注意缺陷率更高 [36] , 吸烟 率和猎奇分数更高 [37] 、更为冲动 [38] .…”