Dose Response Effect of Photobiomodulation on Hemodynamic Responses and Glucose Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial

Abstract

This study verifies the acute dose response effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) by light emitting diodes (LEDs) on hemodynamic and metabolic responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirteen participants with T2DM (age 52 ± 7 years) received PBM by a light-emitting diode array (50 GaAIAs LEDs, 850 ± 20 nm, 75 mW per diode) on the rectus and oblique abdomen, quadriceps femoris, triceps surae, and hamstring muscle areas, bilaterally, using different energy treatments (sham, 75, 150, 300, 450, and 600 Joules) in random order with a washout of at least 15 days apart. The PBM by LEDs statistically decreased plasma glucose levels (primary outcome) in 15 min after application of the 75 and 450 J irradiation protocol, reduced blood lactate levels 15 min after application of the 75, 450, and 600 J irradiation protocol, increased cardiac output (Q˙) and cardiac index (CI) in the 1st minute after application of the 75 and 300 J irradiation protocol, and reduced Q˙ and heart rate (HR) in the 15 min after application of the 300 J and 600 J irradiation protocol, respectively. For hemodynamic variables, including Q˙, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and HR, we observed that the ideal therapeutic window ranged between 75 and 300 J, while for metabolic variables, glucose and lactate, the variation was between 450 and 600 J.

Effect of low-level laser physiotherapy on left ventricular function among patients with chronic systolic heart failure

“…The findings of the current study showed an improvement in LV function after LLLT, which may be explained by the release of nitric oxide, which causes peripheral vasodilatation, reduces peripheral resistance, and then improves cardiac output [22]. Also, may be explained by an improvement in cardiac muscle performance due to the increased intake of energy provided by the increased aerobic metabolism stimulated by LLLT [9,23].…”

Effects of the association of different volumes of strength training with photobiomodulation therapy on insulin resistance: A protocol for a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial

“…Furthermore, to ensure the high quality of this trial, we will employ principles of intention-to-treat analysis [ 111 ]. Also, the PBMt parameters that will be used have been repeatedly reported to potentiate the positive effects of strength training in humans [ [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] ], and were recently reported to exert positive effects on glucose metabolism in T2DM patients [ 46 ]. Finally, the strength training protocol that will be prescribed is based on international guidelines [ 21 , 32 , 34 , 90 ].…”

“…Furthermore, improvements in inflammatory parameters are also reported with PBMt [ 40 ]. Recently, different research groups have demonstrated that treatment with PBMt reduced IR and improved glucose metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] ] and in T2DM patients [ 46 ]. Furthermore, results showed there was an improvement in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, greater activation of the insulin pathway in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, less inflammation in adipose tissue, and less visceral adiposity [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Dose and time–response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients combined or not with hypoglycemic medicine: A randomized, crossover, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial

“…PBMt is known to have a biphasic doseresponse [37,38] which is responsible for stimulatory, inhibitory, or even null biological effects. Recently, using a randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled trial our group [36] reported a dose-response effect of PBMt on glycemia in T2DM patients, where we showed that low and moderate-to-high, but not moderate or high, doses of PBMt reduced glycemia. Furthermore, there is evidence that PBMt effects are also time-dependent [39,40].…”

“…Many studies using animal models have shown improved glucose metabolism in response to PBMt [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], and one clinical trial [36] has supported the potential clinical use of PBMt for improving glucose metabolism. PBMt is known to have a biphasic doseresponse [37,38] which is responsible for stimulatory, inhibitory, or even null biological effects.…”