Dose Response Relationships for Acute Ionizing-Radiation Lethality

Abstract

A review and analysis of the dose response relationship for the probability of acute lethality from prompt or short-term exposure to ionizing radiation is presented. The purpose of this analysis is to provide recommendations concerning estimates of casualties expected from radiation accidents, the use of nuclear weapons, or possible terrorist activities. Previous work on acute ionizing radiation-induced lethality risk together with a collection of dose response relationships are analyzed and presented based on historical case data and expert opinion that have evolved from whole-body radiation therapy experience, radiation exposure accidents, nuclear weapon detonations, and animal experimentation. The nature of the data reviewed ranges from direct individual events to those offered according to collective expert opinion and consensus published as journal articles and in various technical documents and reports. The dose response relationships are expressed as two-parameter (median exposure level and slope) probability distribution models as a function of radiation exposure in terms of a free-in-air dose. Twelve different dose response relationships are presented and discussed, including the impact of some medical care.

EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN WILD AND CULTIVATED Hemibagrus sp. USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

“…Samples obtained from the cultivated pond were generally smaller than those caught from Selangor River. Although there are differences in size variation, there were no substantial differences noted in the effect of metal concentration in studied tissues [14]. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in the muscle, liver, and gills of wild and cultivated Hemibagrus sp.…”

Basic Concepts in Intervention of Nuclear, Radiological Injuries, Acute Radiation Syndrome and Its Treatment

“…Sonuçta çoklu organ yetmezliği sendromu gelişir. Anoreksi, apati, mide bulantısı, kusma, diyare, ateş, taşikardi ve baş ağrısı erken dönemde ortaya çıkan ve radyasyon dozu ile orantılı olarak değişkenlik gösteren bulguları kapsamaktadır (4,5).…”

“…Çeşitli radyasyon kazaları ve tedavi amaçlı yüksek doz ışınlama gibi deneyimlerden elde edilen bilgilere bağlı olarak LD 50/60'ın (etkilenen insanların %50'sini 60 gün içinde öldürebilen doz) destek tedavisi yapılmayanlarda 3,25-4 Gy kadar olabileceği düşünülmektedir (7). Buna karşılık antibiyotik ve transfüzyon desteği alanlarda bu doz 6-7 Gy'ye çıkabilirken, izolasyon koşulları sağlanan ve allojenik hematopoetik kök hücre nakli yapılabilen olgularda 7-9 Gy dozlarındaki radyasyona rağmen sağkalım olasılığı olduğu, 10-12 Gy üzerindeki bir doza maruz kalanların ise neredeyse hiç hayatta kalma şansı olmadığı belirtilmektedir (8,9).…”

A Mathematical Model of the Human Small Intestine Following Acute Radiation and Burn Exposures

“…In order to recreate the experiment in silico, we estimate the dosing regimen by assuming equally spaced treatments between each reported accumulated dose over the course of the 28-day trial. We have also converted the reported doses to MLT doses using a 0.96 conversion factor from roentgens (R) to Gy, and a 0.667 conversion factor from FIA to MLT for humans (Anno et al, 2003). Our estimated dosing regimen is provided in Table 3.6.…”