“…As shown in Figure 6c, the as-prepared samples were all confirmed as n-type semiconductors owing to the positive slopes in the Mott−Schottky plots, and the flat-band potentials were estimated to be 0.25, 0.29, 0.40, 0.39, and 0.30 eV (vs Ag/AgCl) for TiO 2 , Cl-TiO 2 , 0.4Cl-TiO 2 /C, 0.5Cl-TiO 2 /C, and 0.6Cl-TiO 2 /C, respectively. Based on the reports of Li 9 and Wang, 41 the conduction band potentials (E CB ) of TiO 2 , Cl-TiO 2 , 0.4Cl-TiO 2 /C, 0.5Cl-TiO 2 /C, and 0.6Cl-TiO 2 /C were evaluated to be −0.15, −0.19, −0.30, −0.29, and −0.20 eV, respectively, vs NHE, and their valence band (VB) edges were calculated to be 2.74, 2.62, 2.44, 2.48, and 2.58 eV, respectively. The bandgap structures of these catalysts are presented in Figure 6d.…”