Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Controlling the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water

Geldreich, Edwin E.

doi:10.1002/0471263397.env017

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Table 1 shows that TDS content is one of the water properties that are affected by the source of water. Samples were classified into three groups: Group 1 samples that may relate to surface water source (1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,17) of TDS < 300 ppm; Group 2 samples that may relate to shallow groundwater source (13,16,18,19,20) of TDS > 400 ppm; and Group 3 samples that may relate to deep groundwater source (6,7,12,14,15) of TDS = 300-400 ppm. Groundwater pumped from wells less than 70 m is considered shallow but that of deep more than 90 m is considered deep.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Tanta City, Egypt

Khalil¹,

Salem²,

Gheda³

et al. 2013

JESE-B

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Abstract:The physico-chemical and biological (algal and bacterial) quality of tap water in Tanta City were elucidated. Samples were collected during December 2011, covering all the water plants and the areal extension of the pipe line network in Tanta. Total dissolved solids content classifies water origin into surface water, shallow and deep groundwater. Fe, Mn and hardness in some samples of groundwater origin are obviously exceeding the WHO (World Health Organization) limit. Mostly, green algae are found (31 species), followed by diatoms (19 species), then blue-green algae (13 species). CCA (Canonical Corresponding Analysis) indicates that green algae are strongly correlated with pH, NH 4 , alkalinity, Mn and Si; diatoms with EC (electric conductivity), turbidity, Zn and Si and blue green algae with EC and alkalinity. 50% of samples of surface origin, 80% of samples of both deep and shallow groundwater origins crossed WHO and Egyptian guideline in their content of mean TCC (Total Coliform Count). CCA estimates strong correlations of TCC with temperature, NH 4 and PO 4 ; E. coli with EC; heterotrophic bacteria with turbidity and NO 3 ; Salmonella sp. with Si and SO 4 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Mn. Finally, the water plants treatment may be not effective and pipes serve as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the persistence and proliferation of microorganisms in these systems are influenced by a number of factors [16]. Microorganisms, forming biofilms, colonize most of the exposed surfaces.…”

Section: Heterotrophic Bacterial Count Should Not Exceed 500mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Tanta City, Egypt

Khalil¹,

Salem²,

Gheda³

et al. 2013

JESE-B

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“…Interruption of services as a result of unreliable electricity, over-utilized systems, and leaks undermine services for even those with private connections (Gulyani et al, 2005). Furthermore, negative or low pressure which results from intermittent piped water supplies contributes to recontamination of treated water (Geldreich, 1996; Kumpel and Nelson, 2011). Research has shown that the small-scale private sector has been estimated to account for 85% of all private-sector investment in water security (Kariuki and Schwartz, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water flows, energy demand, and market analysis of the informal water sector in Kisumu, Kenya

Sima

Kelner-Levine

Eckelman

et al. 2013

Ecological Economics

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In rapidly growing urban areas of developing countries, infrastructure has not been able to cope with population growth. Informal water businesses fulfill unmet water supply needs, yet little is understood about this sector. This paper presents data gathered from quantitative interviews with informal water business operators (n=260) in Kisumu, Kenya, collected during the dry season. Sales volume, location, resource use, and cost were analyzed by using material flow accounting and spatial analysis tools. Estimates show that over 76% of the city's water is consumed by less than 10% of the population who have water piped into their dwellings. The remainder of the population relies on a combination of water sources, including water purchased directly from kiosks (1.5 million m3 per day) and delivered by hand-drawn water-carts (0.75 million m3 per day). Energy audits were performed to compare energy use among various water sources in the city. Water delivery by truck is the highest per cubic meter energy demand (35 MJ/m3), while the city's tap water has the highest energy use overall (21,000 MJ/day). We group kiosks by neighborhood and compare sales volume and cost with neighborhood-level population data. Contrary to popular belief, we do not find evidence of price gouging; the lowest prices are charged in the highest-demand low-income area. We also see that the informal sector is sensitive to demand, as the number of private boreholes that serve as community water collection points are much larger where demand is greatest.

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Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Controlling the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water

Abstract: Basic Concepts in Distributing Microbially Safe Water Maintaining Distribution System Integrity Managing Water Quality Microbial Flora of Drinking Water Biofilm and Water Stability Monitoring Microbial Quality Case Studies on Pathogen Incu… Show more

Cited by 2 publications

References 30 publications

Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Tanta City, Egypt

Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Tanta City, Egypt

Water flows, energy demand, and market analysis of the informal water sector in Kisumu, Kenya

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