“…In the 2010s, this trend was accelerated by all the players of the Triple Helix, i.e., universities, industries, and the government (Guerrero, Urbano, and Salamzadeh 2014;Kawamorita et al 2020). More recently, several leading startups, such as Snapp, Digikala, and the like, have grown dramatically and changed the whole startup ecosystem (Beigi, Nayyeri, and Shirmohammadi 2020). Currently, several key players exist at different levels, including international (e.g., international venture capitalists/venture capital funds; international startup studios, and non-resident Iranian experts and entrepreneurs), national (e.g., vice-presidency for science and technology; ministries; universities; funds; national elites foundation; Iran lab expo; national technomart of Iran; Iranian knowledge-based leaders federation; export development & technology exchange corridor; Labs' net; the center for progress and development of Iran), industrial (e.g., innovation centers; innovation factories; sector-specific accelerators, venture capital funds, and incubators), firm (e.g., new technology-based firms (NTBFs)knowledge-based firms; startups; creative firms), the team (e.g., independent and supported teams), and individual (e.g., freelancers; intended/potential entrepreneurs; young talented individuals) players.…”