“…Various decomposition techniques have been used in numerous studies to investigate the factors behind the increases or decreases in the trends of time series of CO 2 emissions (Ang et al, 1998;Liaskas et al, 2000;Choi, 1997, 2002;Ang, 2005;Diakoulaki and Mandaraka, 2007;Shrestha et al, 2009;Bhattacharyya and Matsumura, 2010;Kumbaroğlu, 2011;O' Mahony et al, 2012;Ang, 2013, 2014;Jeong and Kim, 2013;Ren et al, 2014;Fernández González et al, 2014a, 2014bOuyang and Lin, 2015;Zhang and Da, 2015;Ang et al, 2015;Roinioti and Koroneos, 2017;Shigetomi et al, 2018). 1 Most such decomposition studies have been conducted at the national scale.…”