Driving performance under the influence of drugs: rationale for, and application of, a new test.

O’Hanlon, John

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02590.x

Cited by 146 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Ten studies [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] (labeled Study 1-10 in the text and Tables) were identified that met all inclusion criteria for the meta-analyses. Study characteristics are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Selected Studies and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six studies [10][11][12][13][14] (Study 1-6) were performed in the 1980s and examined the effects of benzodiazepines and zopiclone after two nights of bedtime administration. Three studies [15][16][17] (Study 7-9) examined the effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon after one night of bedtime administration.…”

Section: Selected Studies and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tests were performed in the morning, i.e. 10-11 hours after dosing (Study 1-10) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], or in the afternoon, i.e. 16-17 hours after dosing (Study 1-6) [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Selected Studies and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypnotics and Driving Safety: Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials Applying the on-the-Road Driving Test

Verster¹,

Veldhuijzen²,

Patat³

et al. 2006

CDS

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Abstract:Background: Many people who use hypnotics are outpatients and are likely to drive a car the day after drug intake. The purpose of these meta-analyses was to determine whether or not this is safe.Methods: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trials were selected if using the on-the-road driving test to determine driving ability the day following one or two nights of treatment administration. Primary outcome measure of the driving test was the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP); i.e., the weaving of the car. Fixed effects model meta-analyses were performed. Effect size (ES) was computed using mean standardized (weighted) difference scores between treatment and corresponding placebo SDLP values.Results: Ten studies, published from 1984 to 2002 (207 subjects), were included in the meta-analyses. The morning following bedtime administration, i.e. 10-11 hours after dosing, significant driving impairment was found for the recommended dose of various benzodiazepine hypnotics (ES=0.42; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.14 to 0.71). Twice the recommended dose impaired driving both in the morning (ES=0.68; CI=0.39 to 0.97) and afternoon, i.e. 16-17 hours after dosing (ES=0.57; CI=0.26 to 0.88). Zopiclone 7.5 mg also impaired driving in the morning (ES=0.89; CI=0.54 to 1.23). Zaleplon (10 and 20 mg) and zolpidem (10 mg) did not affect driving performance the morning after dosing. Following middle-of-the-night administration, significantly impaired driving performance was found for zopiclone 7.5 mg (ES=1.51, CI=0.85 to 2.17), zolpidem 10 mg (ES=0.66, CI=0.13 to 1.19) and zolpidem 20 mg (ES=1.16, CI=0.60 to 1.72). Zaleplon (10 and 20 mg) did not affect driving performance. Conclusions:The analyses show that driving a car the morning following nocturnal treatment with benzodiazepines and zopiclone is unsafe, whereas the recommended dose of zolpidem (10 mg) and zaleplon (10 mg) do not affect driving ability.

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Section: Selected Studies and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selected Studies and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypnotics and Driving Safety: Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials Applying the on-the-Road Driving Test

Verster¹,

Veldhuijzen²,

Patat³

et al. 2006

CDS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To measure the pursuit tracking ability of a driver under the effects of fatigue or sleepiness, a common and simple performance measure is the vehicle lane variability (aka, lane drifiting, swerving, or weaving), which can be defined as the standard deviation of vehicle lateral lane position (SDLP;O'Hanlon, 1984). As a driver's psychomotor performance becomes impaired, the driver's ability to maintian vehicle position in the road lane degrades and SDLP scores increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Simulator Driving as Compared with Other Psychomotor Tests George

Park

Ware

May

et al. 2007

Proceedings of the 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle

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Summary:A dose-response sleep deprivation study was performed using 14 participants of normal health (7 males, 7 females, age 19-57 years). Participants completed 3 separate 24-hour visits where they were allowed to sleep for either 8, 4, or 0 hrs and then asked to complete a test battery that included three psychomotor test measures known to be sensitive to the effects of fatiuge and extended wakefulness. The psychomotor performance measures included the standard deviation of lateral lane position (SDLP) for a driving simulator, the Critical Tracking Task (CTT), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). While all psychomotor test measures provided a significant main effect for the withinsubjects variable sleep condition, subsequent pairwise comparisons between the three sleep conditions provided clear differences in the strengths of the psychomotor measures. SDLP measures provided the best discrimination between the sleep conditions when utilizing the full 60-min driving task time, but indicated a better sensitivity at lower levels of sleep loss. The CTT provided the contrary, with better sensitivity at higher levels of sleep loss. The PVT measures of mean reaction time and number of lapses and slowest 10% reaction time failed to discriminate between the different sleep conditions.

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“…Michon, 1985) include the time-to-line-crossing (TLC; Godthelp, 1984). Standard Deviation Lateral Position (SDLP) has been shown to be a sensitive performance measure (e.g., Hicks & Wierwille, 1979, O'Hanlon et al, 1982, O'Hanlon, 1984). De Waard (1996 showed that increased road complexity could lead to an increase in the SD of the SW movements, while the addition of a secondary task reduced the SD of the SW movements.…”

Section: Assessment Of Driver Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hearing loss on traffic safety and mobility

Thorslund¹

2014

Studies From the Swedish Institute for Disability Research

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Research into the effect of hearing loss (HL) on traffic safety and mobility is limited and the empirical findings are somewhat inconsistent. HL is one of the most frequent sensory deficits in humans, leading to loss of auditory information, which may affect behavior in traffic situations and might reduce traffic safety and mobility. The prevalence of age-related HL in Europe is roughly 30% for men and 20% for women at the age of 70 years, and 55% for men and 45% for women at the age of 80 years. The prevalence of age-related HL is increasing, and as a consequence the number of road users with HL will also increase.The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate traffic safety and mobility for individuals with HL. Three studies were conducted: 1. a questionnaire survey aimed to evaluate differences in choice of transportation that might be related to HL, 2. a driving simulator study that looked into compensatory strategies and evaluated the efficiency of a tactile signal to alert the driver, and 3. a field study to evaluate these effects in real traffic and to evaluate a navigation system with a supportive tactile signal.The results of the three studies indicate that there are effects of HL on traffic safety and mobility. The effects are relatively small and often bound to driving complexity; but, systematic and consistent in replicated studies. Differences in transportation habits related to HL include less likelihood of having a driver's license and a higher valuing of written information, with the latter possibly prioritized before time and safety issues. Moreover, respondents with more HL were less concerned about the effects of HL, which suggests that they might be using compensatory strategies.In the experimental studies, differences in driving behavior related to HL were bound to driving conditions and occurred when the complexity of the driving task increased. There was also an effect of HL on visual behavior, indicated in the simulator and confirmed in the field study, suggesting that drivers with HL have more active visual behaviors with more frequent glances in the rear-view mirror and a general scanning of the environment before looking away from the road. A tactile signal in the driver seat was found useful in both experimental studies, both for calling for the driver's attention and facilitating navigation using a GPS navigation device.It was concluded that there are effects of HL on both traffic safety and mobility, consistently pointing toward a generally more cautious driving behavior with the use of both compensatory and coping strategies, which suggests a difference in experienced safety. Compensatory strategies associated with HL include driving at lower speeds and using a more comprehensive visual search behavior. Coping strategies associated with HL include engaging less in distracting activities. Evaluation of the tactile signal suggests that it may make driver assistance systems more accessible, not only to drivers with HL, but to all drivers. At the same time, the systems might bec...

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Driving performance under the influence of drugs: rationale for, and application of, a new test.

Cited by 146 publications

References 8 publications

Hypnotics and Driving Safety: Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials Applying the on-the-Road Driving Test

Hypnotics and Driving Safety: Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials Applying the on-the-Road Driving Test

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Simulator Driving as Compared with Other Psychomotor Tests George

Effects of hearing loss on traffic safety and mobility

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