Drug Misuse — The Barbiturate Problem

Stead, A.H.; Allan, Andrew; Ardrey, Robert; Bal, T.S.; Callaghan, Theresa; Gill, R.; Moffat, A.C.; Oon, M.C.H.

doi:10.1016/s0015-7368(81)71371-9

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Fluconazole increased plasma levels of the latter. 447 11 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs… Furosemide and thiazide diuretics diuretic effects of these drugs, which may result in increased risk of renal failure.…”

Section: Ace Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major clinical feature of barbiturate overdose is profound depression of the CNS leading to deep sleep and coma, which is exaggerated if the person has 547 13 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions… consumed intoxicating doses of alcohol [446,447]. Table 13.8 compares concentrations of some sedative-hypnotic drugs in autopsy blood in fatal poisonings with and without alcohol being present.…”

Section: Barbituratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handbook of Drug Interactions

Karalliedde¹,

Henry²

2012

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PrefaceAdverse drug reactions and drug interactions remain a major issue in 2011. During the second edition of our book, FDA reported greater than 370,000 serious adverse events in 2009 and more than 100,000 for the first quarter of 2010. The Adverse Event Reporting System is a database that gives computerized statistics used to support FDA's post-marketing safety surveillance for all approved drugs. A serious event is defined as requiring hospitalization, being life-threatening, causing disability or congenital anomalies, for example. Importantly, more than 63,000 deaths were recorded in 2009, and more than 20,000 occured during the first quarter of 2010.The second edition of Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide has been updated to reflect new information and also includes new chapters of interest. In this respect, it is a continuation of the first edition and part of the ongoing story of drug-drug interactions.Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly growing field covering the genetic basis for individual variability in drug responses. This new section allows the reader to review important polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and applies the findings to forensic interpretation through interesting cases involving opiates.Although the section relating to central nervous system drugs encompasses a number of potential drugs with illicit use such as benzodiazepines and opiates, a chapter dealing exclusively with drugs of abuse has been added to the second edition. Cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, flunitrazepam and GHB are now discussed. Alcohol and nicotine are still covered in the section related to environmental and social pharmacology.The existing chapters from the first edition have, in most cases, been updated and edited to reflect new data or bring out better tables and diagrams. More recent drugs and formulations are included. Recent references have been added for completeness. This volume emphasizes explanations when possible and covers both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions. The result, we hope, will continue to prove useful to health and forensic professionals as well as students.

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Section: Ace Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Barbituratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handbook of Drug Interactions

Karalliedde¹,

Henry²

2012

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“…Barbiturates became the most common drugs found in cases of accidental or fatal self-poisoning (326,327). They were notoriously dangerous in overdose owing to a narrow therapeutic index, and tens of thousands of deaths have been caused by inadvertent use of these drugs either by accident or for purposes of suicide (367). The barbiturates were commonly prescribed to relieve anxiety, cause sedation and sleep, and also as antiepeleptic medication.…”

Section: Barbituratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain very shortacting barbiturates were used as premedication before general anesthesia (e.g., thiopental). The major clinical feature of barbiturate overdose was deep depression of the CNS, and this was made worse when taken together with a large dose of alcohol (367). Table 7 shows the concentrations of various barbiturates and meprobamate in blood in a number of fatal poisonings with and without the presence of alcohol.…”

Section: Barbituratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handbook of Drug Interactions

Mozayani¹,

Raymon²

2004

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“…Small structural variations in these 5-substituents cause substantial changes in the drug's physiological effects and duration (). Because of the rapid onset of their CNS activity, the most frequently abused barbiturates (including secobarbital, pentobarbital, and amobarbital) have alone or in combination with other drugs been frequently used to commit suicide ( , ). Therefore, rapid determination of the presence or absence of barbiturates in a comatose patient prior to emergency medical treatment can be the difference between life and death ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Conjugates for a Barbiturate Screening Assay

et al. 1997

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Novel derivatives of barbiturates functionalized with free carboxylic acids were designed and synthesized. Coupling of 5-cyclopentyl-5-carboxycrotylbarbituric acid via its active ester to an aminofluorescein derivative produced a fluorescent tracer. Conjugation of the 5-cyclopentenyl-5-carboxyethylbarbituric acid via its mixed anhydride to thyroglobulin allowed for subsequent development of a polyclonal antibody which was evaluated for binding in a fluorescence polarization immunoassay format with various barbiturates. The binding studies showed good cross-reactivity of a variety of barbiturates containing both aromatic and aliphatic 5-substituents with the tested antisera. The relationship between the immunogen architecture, the chemical structure of the binding analytes, and the characteristics of the antisera is also presented.

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Drug Misuse — The Barbiturate Problem

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Handbook of Drug Interactions

Handbook of Drug Interactions

Handbook of Drug Interactions

Synthesis of Conjugates for a Barbiturate Screening Assay

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