Durability studies of limonite ore for catalytic decomposition of phenol as a model biomass tar in a fluidized bed

Evaluation of Different Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Reforming of Toluene as Tar Model Compound in Biomass Gasification Gas: A Thermodynamic Analysis

“…According to the above results as well as the negative and low values of the selectivities of H2 and CO at lower temperatures, it seems that reactions (10), (11) and ( 12) are domineering at lower temperatures due to their exothermic nature, whereas reverse reactions ( 9) and ( 10) are dominant at higher temperatures due to their endothermic nature and higher concentrations of H2 and CO2.…”

“…Moreover, the yield of solid C declines sharply with a decrease in temperature from 600 to 900 • C, and is much higher than that of feeding toluene alone at lower temperature; the amount of solid C is increased by 2-3 times when the temperature is below 800 • C compared with feeding toluene alone. According to the above results as well as the negative and low values of the selectivities of H 2 and CO at lower temperatures, it seems that reactions (10), (11) and ( 12) are domineering at lower temperatures due to their exothermic nature, whereas reverse reactions ( 9) and ( 10) are dominant at higher temperatures due to their endothermic nature and higher concentrations of H 2 and CO 2 .…”

“…The only difference is that the CO selectivity of BaFe 2 O 4 stays constant with the increasing H 2 O (g) addition from 0 to12 mol. The decrease in solid C yield (Figure 6c) means that the additional H 2 O (g) promotes the reverse reactions (11) and (12). For Mn 2 O 3 , the additions of H 2 O (g) required for the CO selectivity to reach the maximum value (Figure 6b: 5 mol and 2 mol for the equivalence ratios of 0.39 and 1.0, respectively) and the beginning of the CO selectivity to drop rapidly (Figure 6b) are consistent with those for the removal of solid C, implying that the additional H 2 O (g) reacts preferentially with solid C (reverse reactions ( 11) and ( 12)) and then with CO (reaction ( 9)).…”

“…The CLR process consists of two reactors, namely, reformer (fuel reactor) and regenerator (air reactor), and operates continuously. Fuel is partial oxidized by oxygen carriers in the endothermic reformer, the reduced oxygen carriers and the possible carbon deposit react with air in the exothermic regenerator [11,12]. By using the lattice oxygen of oxygen carriers, CLR avoids the deactivation caused by coke deposits in catalytic tar conversion through recycling oxygen carriers between the two reactors.…”

Effect of the Ca/P ratio of Ni-loaded hydroxyapatite on the catalytic decomposition of biomass tar at low temperatures

“…3 From the perspective of reducing costs and promoting the practical application of such systems, natural products (e.g., minerals, biomass, and biomass-derived materials) have also been employed as catalysts or catalyst supports. [4][5][6][7] In addition, introducing steam into the catalytic system effectively decreases the amount of tarry compounds and increases the amount of hydrogen gas via the steam reformation of tar, hydrocarbons, and methane, as well as the water-gas shi reaction. 8 Previously, our group reported that waste biomass, such as chicken droppingderived ash, are an effective support of Ni catalysts, wherein the Ni-loaded catalyst exhibited catalytic activity for biomassderived tar decomposition comparable to that of commercial Ni/Al 2 O 3 .…”