Dye-Doped Polymeric Microplastics: Light Tools for Bioimaging in Test Organisms

Abstract

Ecosystems around the world are experiencing a major environmental impact from microplastic particles (MPs 0.1 µm–1 mm). Water, sediments, and aquatic biota show the widespread presence of this pollutant. However, MPs are rarely used in laboratory studies as they are scarcely available for purchase or expensive, especially if one wishes to trace the particle with a dye or fluorescent. Furthermore, existing preparation techniques have limited application in biological studies. In this work, we propose a new, easy, and cheap way to prepare fluorescent MPs. The protocol is based on the osmosis method in order to obtain spherical polymeric particles of P(S-co-MMA), with 0.7–9 micron diameter, made fluorescent because dye-doped with rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The dye loading was studied and optimized, and the MPs–dye conjugates were characterized by UV-vis FTIR and XPS spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, preliminary tests on aquatic organisms demonstrated the possible use of these fluorescent MPs in bioimaging studies, showing their absorption/adsorption by duckweeds (Lemna minuta) and insect larvae (Cataclysta lemnata).