Dynamic and quasi-static compressive response of porcine muscle

Development of novel synthetic muscle tissues for sports impact surrogates

“…The organic tissue responses reported by McElhaney (1966) and Song et al (2007) taken in the cross-fibre direction are nearly coincident in their overlapping strain ranges at both quasistatic and intermediate strain rate (100-540s -1 ) ranges. Consequently, the stress-strain data were combined to a wider strain range (appropriate to blunt trauma from compressive impacts in sport).…”

“…• Age of the specimen: Song et al (2007) noted a difference in mechanical response compared with the study conducted by Van Loocke et al (2006) and partly attributed differences to the age of the specimens (3 and 5 month old animals respectively).…”

“…Consequently, very few studies presented are of human tissues (Chawla et al, 2009;Balaraman et al, 2012). Much more of the muscle characterisation research published being obtained from testing on more accessible organic animal specimens such as bovine (McElhaney, 1966;Van Sligtenhorst et al, 2006) or porcine sources (Song et al, 2007;Van Loocke et al, 2006, 2009. It is suggested that these tissues exhibit anatomically and biologically similar structures to humans (Douglas, 1972;Snedeker et al, 2005).…”

“…• Directionality of testing: Several studies have acknowledged that porcine tissues behave stiffer when tested perpendicular to the direction of the muscle fibres (Van Loocke et al, 2006;Bӧl et al, 2012;Song et al, 2007).…”

“…McElhaney (1966) conducted a seminal study characterising in vitro bovine tissues around the femur in uniaxial compression using both a Tinius-Olsen electromatic test machine and an air operated test machine for tests at low and high strain rates respectively. In recent years, authors have typically investigated the high strain rate response of soft tissues using a polymeric Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), capable of testing in the order of 10 3 s -1 (Van Sligtenhorst et al, 2006;Song et al, 2007;Chawla et al, 2009;Balaraman et al, 2012). There is, however, a paucity of information conducted under intermediate strain rate conditions in a similar range to those expected in sports impact scenarios (approximately 50-500s -1 ), based on a maximal velocity projectile impact from a cricket ball of 34.6ms -1 (Penrose et al, 1976).…”