Dynamic changes of macrophage activation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis

Sun, Qing; Huang, Jingjing; Gu, Yuan; Li, Sha; Zhu, Xiaoyan

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108716

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…PD-L1 is mostly expressed on T and B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, while PD-L2 is typically expressed in DC and on macrophages induced by alternative activation [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Our results were consistent with reports indicating that M2 macrophages were involved in allergic reactions and chronic parasitic infections [ 15 , 30 ]. Many studies have reported that the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway is involved in the immunomodulation induced by helminth-stimulated M2 [ 15 , 30 ], but little has been reported regarding the induction of PD-L2 in helminth infections.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Our results were consistent with reports indicating that M2 macrophages were involved in allergic reactions and chronic parasitic infections [ 15 , 30 ]. Many studies have reported that the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway is involved in the immunomodulation induced by helminth-stimulated M2 [ 15 , 30 ], but little has been reported regarding the induction of PD-L2 in helminth infections. Here, we identified, for the first time, that a C. hepatica infection—especially the egg-derived antigens—induced PD-L2-expressing M2 macrophages, which may be involved in the survival of the parasitic worms or eggs, or the immunopathology in infected liver tissue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The M2 macrophages are capable of anti-inflammatory responses dominated by the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β [ 26 ]. Many studies have revealed that helminth infection or helminth-derived products enable the induction of M2 macrophage polarization as a critical pathway or consequence of helminth infection-induced immunomodulation, with beneficial effects to both the parasite and host, including reduced inflammatory response and tissue damage [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The differential activation of macrophages during helminth infections determines the pathological outcome of the infection [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PD-L2 Blockade Exacerbates Liver Lesion in Mice Infected with Capillaria hepatica through Reducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages

Huang

Li²,

Zheng³

et al. 2023

TropicalMed

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Capillaria hepatica is a seriously neglected zoonotic parasite, which infects the liver of mammalian hosts, causing fibrosis or even hepatic failure. At present, the immune responses elicited by C. hepatica are not fully understood, and the role(s) of the programmed death 1 (PD-1) signaling pathway in the context of C. hepatica-induced pathology are not known. In this study, we identify that the late stage of infection with C. hepatica—especially the egg-derived antigens—modulates the host immune responses to promote alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) expression. The PD-L2-expressing alternatively activated M2 macrophages play an important role in maintaining Th2-biased regulatory immune responses, which may facilitate the survival of parasitic worms or eggs within the infected liver and reduce the liver pathology caused by the egg granulomas. Treatment with anti-PD-L2 antibody had no effect on the survival of parasitic eggs but deteriorated the pathology of egg granulomas. The obtained results suggest that PD-1/PD-L2 signaling, which is involved in alternative macrophage polarization, determines the immune response pattern and the immunopathology, consequently determining the outcome of the parasitic infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

PD-L2 Blockade Exacerbates Liver Lesion in Mice Infected with Capillaria hepatica through Reducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages

Huang

Li²,

Zheng³

et al. 2023

TropicalMed

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“…Likewise, the Ras signaling pathway is involved in important biological processes, such as proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis [ 31 ]. The protein encoded by prkx is involved in the maturation of macrophages and granulocytes [ 32 ], and it has been shown that macrophages may contribute to parasite containment, inactivation and expulsion in vivo [ 33 , 34 ]. The level of prkx was upregulated 2.29-fold, and the levels of TCONS_00471550 and TCONS_00471551 located near the prkx gene were upregulated 884.31- and 1752.19-fold, respectively , which may help to limit the migration and development of T. canis larvae in the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA sequencing reveals dynamic expression of spleen lncRNAs and mRNAs in Beagle dogs infected by Toxocara canis

Zheng

et al. 2022

Parasites Vectors

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Background Toxocara canis is a cosmopolitan parasite with a significant adverse impact on the health of humans and animals. The spleen is a major immune organ that plays essential roles in protecting the host against various infections. However, its role in T. canis infection has not received much attention. Methods We performed sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the spleen of Beagle puppies at 24 h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36 days post-infection (dpi). Deep sequencing of RNAs isolated from the spleen of six puppies (three infected and three control) at each time point after infection was conducted. Results Our analysis revealed 614 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 262 DEmRNAs at 24 hpi; 726 DElncRNAs and 878 DEmRNAs at 96 hpi; and 686 DElncRNAs and 504 DEmRNAs at 36 dpi. Of those, 35 DElncRNA transcripts and 11 DEmRNAs were detected at all three time points post-infection. Many DE genes were enriched in immune response, such as ifit1, ifit2 and rorc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that some genes (e.g. prkx and tnfrsf11a) were involved in the T cell receptor signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions The findings of this study show marked alterations in the expression profiles of spleen lncRNAs and mRNAs, with possible implications in the pathophysiology of toxocariasis. Graphical Abstract

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“…It also secretes lipids, proteins, and metabolites that the immune system recognizes. So, the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages could be stimulated by T. spiralis infection (Zhang et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2022). Therefore, they would secrete elevated amounts of interleukins, interferons, transfer growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, and colony-stimulating factor (Fabre et al, 2009;Ilic et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichinella spiralis as a Potential Antitumor Agent: An Update

Sadr¹,

Yousefsani²,

Simab³

et al. 2023

WVJ

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Due to the limited success of therapeutic strategies in treating tumors, a new practical potent approach is needed. This review aimed to investigate previous literature related to tumors and Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis). In recent years, there has been growing interest in utilizing biological, viral, bacterial, yeast, and parasitic agents to cure cancers. According to several studies, some parasites could interferee with the tumors’ growth. There has been much discussion about some parasites’ applications to cure tumors in animals and humans. In studies, T. spiralis was found to have antitumor properties. The active proteins in T. spiralis, such as Caveolin-1, Heat shock proteins, and Ribosomal proteins, are thought to inhibit the growth of cancers, such as melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, leukemia, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. In addition, these proteins are thought to induce apoptosis in specific neoplastic cells. Accordingly, antigens derived from parasites may be helpful in cancer immunotherapy. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding Trichinella spiralis’ potential use as a biotherapy agent against cancer. Future studies should focus on the purification of parasite antigens and their use for wider-scale trials in animal models.

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Dynamic changes of macrophage activation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

PD-L2 Blockade Exacerbates Liver Lesion in Mice Infected with Capillaria hepatica through Reducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages

PD-L2 Blockade Exacerbates Liver Lesion in Mice Infected with Capillaria hepatica through Reducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages

RNA sequencing reveals dynamic expression of spleen lncRNAs and mRNAs in Beagle dogs infected by Toxocara canis

Trichinella spiralis as a Potential Antitumor Agent: An Update

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