Dynamic control of the Bose–Einstein-like condensation transition in scalar active matter

Abstract

The dynamics of a generic class of scalar active matter exhibiting a diffusivity edge is studied in a confining potential where the amplitude is governed by a time-dependent protocol. For such non-equilibrium systems, the diffusion coefficient vanishes when the single-particle density field reaches a critical threshold, inducing a condensation transition that is formally akin to Bose-Einstein condensation. We show that this transition arises even for systems that do not reach a steady state, leading to condensation in finite time. Since the transition can be induced for a fixed effective temperature by evolving the system, we effectively show that the temporal coordinate constitutes an alternative control parameter to tune the transition characteristics. For a constant-amplitude protocol, our generalised thermodynamics reduces in the steady-state limit to earlier results. Lastly, we show numerically that for periodic modulation of the potential amplitude, the condensation transition is reentrant.