Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals for lithium-ion battery system in China from 2000–2018

Liu, Wenqiu; Li, Xinxin; Liu, Yeye; Ogunmoroti, Abiodun; Li, Muyang; Bi, Mengyan; Cui, Zhaojie

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105122

Cited by 79 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Moreover, LIBs only require short charging times and can be used for many cycles without sacrificing its lifespan. LIBs are commonly used as a power supply in portable electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops and tablets [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Most recently, LIBs have grown in popularity in electrical vehicles [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], military devices [ 7 , 8 ] and aerospace industry [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level

et al. 2022

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Searching for a suitable electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery is a challenging task. The electrolyte must not only be chemically and mechanically stable, but also be able to transport lithium ions efficiently. Ionic liquid incorporated into a metal–organic framework (IL@MOF) has currently emerged as an interesting class of hybrid material that could offer excellent electrochemical properties. However, the understanding of the mechanism and factors that govern its fast ionic conduction is crucial as well. In this review, the characteristics and potential use of IL@MOF as an electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery are highlighted. The importance of computational methods is emphasized as a comprehensive tool to investigate the atomistic behavior of IL@MOF and its interaction in electrochemical environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level

et al. 2022

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“…When more EVs and batteries reach their end of life (EoL), secondary cobalt provision through recycling will be essential to supplement the primary supply 30,31 . There has been a growing body of literature on global and national cobalt material flows [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] , trade links 39,40 , demand forecasting 41 , and recycling potential (mostly of lithiumion batteries) [42][43][44][45] . However, the extent to which battery and recycling technology progress will relieve the global and regional cobalt demand-supply imbalance, particularly considering the spatiotemporal variations in different world regions, remains poorly understood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

et al. 2022

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In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the potential supply risks of critical battery materials, such as cobalt, for electric mobility transitions. While battery technology and recycling advancement are two widely acknowledged strategies for addressing such supply risks, the extent to which they will relieve global and regional cobalt demand–supply imbalance remains poorly understood. Here, we address this gap by simulating historical (1998-2019) and future (2020-2050) global cobalt cycles covering both traditional and emerging end uses with regional resolution (China, the U.S., Japan, the EU, and the rest of the world). We show that cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can indeed significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks. However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. Our results reveal varying cobalt supply security levels by region and indicate the urgency of boosting primary cobalt supply to ensure global e-mobility ambitions.

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“…The former are particularly useful to model and reproduce the evolution of systems in the past, since data on historic inflows tend to be more easily accessible than data on historic stocks (Chen & Shi, 2012; Chen & Graedel, 2012b; Liu & Müller, 2013). In addition, inflow‐driven models tend to be more accurate in the short term because they allow for the modeling of sudden changes such as migration waves or the market penetration of new technologies (Ciacci et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2021). Conversely, stock‐driven models, particularly for entities with long lifetimes such as cars or buildings, are well suited for longer‐term prospective studies because stocks average out inflow fluctuations and are thus less sensitive to business cycles (Hatayama et al., 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A general framework for stock dynamics of populations and built and natural environments

Lauinger

Billy

Vásquez³

et al. 2021

J of Industrial Ecology

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Sustainable development involves a responsible management of the interactions between humans and their built and natural environment. From a physical perspective, the interactions can be characterized as stocks and flows of energy and matter within and between these spheres. Understanding the dynamics of the stocks is essential to enable their responsible management. A large number of independent disciplines study the dynamics of individual stocks with specific methods. The resulting fragmentation of methods hampers interdisciplinary learning, including the integration of more specialized discipline‐specific models into more encompassing ones. Here, we develop a general mathematical framework for dynamic stock models based on balance, intrinsic, and model‐approach equations. We use the framework to classify a variety of stock models from different disciplines and discuss their applicability. The framework provides a common language for the interdisciplinary analysis of coupled human–environment systems. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

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Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals for lithium-ion battery system in China from 2000–2018

Cited by 79 publications

References 29 publications

Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level

Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level

Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages

A general framework for stock dynamics of populations and built and natural environments

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