Dynamic mechanism of crater formation induced by inclusion during intense pulsed ion beam irradiation

Effect of Preliminary Irradiation of 321 Steel Substrates with High-Intense Pulsed Ion Beams on Scratch Test Results of Subsequently Deposited AlN Coatings

“…Plates 15 mm × 15 mm× 0.5 mm from the 321 stainless austenitic steel (1.2% C, 18% Cr, 10% Ni, 1% Ti) [81] were polished (including their edges) to form their flat surfaces with a roughness Ra of 20 nm. Then, the samples were irradiated using a 'TEMP-4M' HIPIB accelerator (Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia) [69,70,[77][78][79][80] at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV, a pulse width at half maximum of 100 ns and energy densities of 0.6, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 J/cm 2 . The beam composition was about 85% C + ions and 15% protons.…”

“…Roughness Ra of the HIPIB irradiated sample surfaces increased by three times (from 20 up to 60 nm) with raising the energy density (Figure 3) because of the formation of the crater, which was a characteristic for this surface treatment method [79,91]. Roughness Ra of the HIPIB irradiated sample surfaces increased by three times (from 20 up to 60 nm) with raising the energy density (Figure 3) because of the formation of the crater, which was a characteristic for this surface treatment method [79,91]. This coating possessed the AlN (100) most intense diffraction peak, but it was the AlN (002) one for the other two samples.…”

“…One of the effective ways to modify the surface layers of metals, alloys and steels is irradiation with a high-intense pulsed ion beam (HIPIB). In this case, a surface is cleaned, a specific microrelief is formed, and the microstructure and phase composition of a material is changed [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. In addition, internal stresses in the surface layers can be varied due to different HIPIB parameters.…”

Study on the Capillary Interaction Between Particles on the Surface of High‐Temperature Melts

“…The particles are subjected to gravitational, wetting, and liquid meniscus energies. The capillary interaction force F and energy ΔW can be determined by Equation (1) and (2).…”

“…The particles in the metallic materials affect their performance and fatigue life strongly. [1,2] The aggregated particles will induce the stress concentration on the materials, which is the primary reasons of cracking. [3,4] The dispersed distributed particles in the materials can refine grain and improve the mechanical properties of materials.…”