Dynamic model; the effects of eutrophication and sedimentation on the degradation of Coral Reefs in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia

Abstract

Coral reef condition is influenced by many physical, biological, and anthropogenic processes. This research was designed to build a model between nutrient enrichment, sedimentation, and the abundance of herbivorous fish on macroalgae and coral reef coverage within the context of coral reef degradation. The research was conducted in the Spermonde Archipelago. The method used was the field survey method. The data were analyzed by using modeling instrument techniques. The results show that if there is no control over nutrient supply and sedimentation and efforts to increase the density of herbivorous fish, then the condition of coral reefs in Spermonde Archipelago is threatened with severe damage. The condition of coral reefs can be improved by decreasing nutrient supply and sedimentation of 6% each and increasing the herbivorous fish population by 5%.

Biodiversity of hard coral (Scleractinia) and relation to environmental factors turbid waters in Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…Those areas closer to the mainland are potentially exposed to sedimentation (Bégin et al 2016;Limmon and Marasabessy 2019;Tebbett et al 2021). Activities in coastal areas have a direct impact on coral ecosystems (Loiola et al 2019;Mahatir et al 2022) or upland activities such as nutrient inputs to waters (D'Angelo and Wiedenmann 2014; Faizal et al 2020). Ismail et al (2022) added that environmental pressures that occur continuously while coral recovery is slower cause coral death.…”

Coral reef conservation in Bali in light of international best practice, a literature review

“…Nutrient enrichment has been highlighted as an issue in Bali, due to high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates from river discharge; however there have only been a few studies in Indonesia which explore the link between nutrients enrichment and coral decline (e.g. Baum et al 2015Baum et al , 2016Faizal et al 2020), and no such studies are known in Bali. More research in Bali is required to quantify water quality, and study its link to coral health.…”

Bacterial Communities Vary from Different Scleractinian Coral Species and between Bleached and Non-Bleached Corals

“…The former includes temperature changes ( 8 ), eutrophication ( 9 , 10 ), ocean acidification ( 11 ), and other anthropogenic environmental stresses (such as plastic pollution and overfishing) ( 12 ). All of these factors can destabilize the symbiosis between the host and their symbionts, leading to massive mortality and bleaching events ( 13 ). The latter emphasizes that the potential contributions of the mutualistic symbiosis among coral symbionts, members of the host, dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinum , and microorganisms are essential to host-symbiont homeostasis and integrity ( 14 ).…”