Dynamic Regulation of Receptive Fields and Maps in the Adult Sensory Cortex

Weinberger, Norman M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001021

Cited by 306 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…In mammals, reorganization of the auditory cortex evoked by conditioning (associative learning) greatly depends on both the corticofugal auditory system excited by a conditioned tone and other systems such as the somatosensory cortex excited by an unconditioned electric leg-shock (2, 3) and the cholinergic system (19)(20)(21). Our present data suggests that organization and reorganization of the cortical areas specialized for human speech processing may be quite different from those of the AI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

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Plasticity of the cochleotopic (frequency) map in specialized and nonspecialized auditory cortices

Sakai

Suga

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Auditory conditioning (associative learning) causes reorganization of the cochleotopic (frequency) maps of the primary auditory cortex (AI) and the inferior colliculus. Focal electric stimulation of the AI also evokes basically the same cortical and collicular reorganization as that caused by conditioning. Therefore, part of the neural mechanism for the plasticity of the central auditory system caused by conditioning can be explored by focal electric stimulation of the AI. The reorganization is due to shifts in best frequencies (BFs) together with shifts in frequency-tuning curves of single neurons. In the AI of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and the posterior division of the AI of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii), focal electric stimulation evokes BF shifts of cortical auditory neurons located within a 0.7-mm distance along the frequency axis. The amount and direction of BF shift differ depending on the relationship in BF between stimulated and recorded neurons, and between the gerbil and mustached bat. Comparison in BF shift between different mammalian species and between different cortical areas of a single species indicates that BF shift toward the BF of electrically stimulated cortical neurons (centripetal BF shift) is common in the AI, whereas BF shift away from the BF of electrically stimulated cortical neurons (centrifugal BF shift) is special. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that reorganization, and accordingly organization, of cortical auditory areas caused by associative learning can be quite different between specialized and nonspecialized (ordinary) areas of the auditory cortex.bat ͉ gerbil ͉ hearing ͉ reorganization of cortex ͉ tonotopic map I n the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), auditory responses, frequency-tuning curves, best frequencies (BFs), and the frequency (cochleotopic) map in the inferior colliculus (IC) change according to acoustic signals frequently heard by the animal (1, 2) and also by auditory conditioning, i.e., associative learning (2, 3). Inactivation of the primary auditory cortex (AI) during the conditioning abolishes these collicular changes. Therefore, the corticofugal (descending) auditory system plays an essential role in the plasticity of the IC (2, 3). The conditioning evokes not only collicular changes, but also changes in the AI. Cortical changes are almost the same as collicular changes in amount but different in time course (3). Focal electric stimulation of the AI also evokes the same changes in the IC (1, 4) and AI (4, 5) as those evoked by repetitive acoustic stimuli or auditory conditioning. The cortical and collicular changes evoked by the electric stimulation are augmented by electric stimulation of the cholinergic basal forebrain (4) or by acetylcholine applied to the AI, as expected (6). These findings indicate that BF shifts evoked by focal electric stimulation are directly related to a normal function: reorganization of the central auditory system caused by associative learning. Therefore, the mechanism for plasticity of the audit...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The reorganization thus far found in cats (19)(20)(21) and monkeys (22,23) produces over-representation of the stimulus. Therefore, cortical reorganization by centripetal BF shift must be common, which was found in the AI of the gerbil, the AI of the big brown bat, and the AIp of the mustached bat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Plasticity of the cochleotopic (frequency) map in specialized and nonspecialized auditory cortices

Sakai

Suga

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, given our experimental paradigm, the effects of these off-line projections on the inhibitory connections within SI might not be strong enough to induce any reorganization. As widely shown in animal and human research, extensive tactile stimulation of a body part induces both short-and long-term modification of receptive fields (RF) and reorganization of the respective SI cortical area (Jenkins et al, 1990;Weinberger, 1995). In our experimental paradigm, the initial sessions of tactile stimulation of the ring and middle fingers might have already induced an expansion of their somatotopic representations in SI, resistant to the following top-down modulation projected offline.…”

Section: Early and Late Suppression Effectsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Congruency of body-related information induces somatosensory reorganization

Cardini

Longo

2016

Neuropsychologia

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Chronic pain and impaired tactile sensitivity are frequently associated with "blurred" representations in the somatosensory cortex. The factors that produce such somatosensory blurring, however, remain poorly understood. We manipulated visuotactile congruence to investigate its role in promoting somatosensory reorganization.To this aim we used the mirror box illusion that produced in participants the subjective feeling of looking directly at their left hand, though they were seeing the reflection of their right hand. Simultaneous touches were applied to the middle or ring finger of each hand. In one session, the same fingers were touched (for example both middle fingers), producing a congruent percept; in the other session different fingers were touched, producing an incongruent percept. In the somatosensory system, 3

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“…maps in their central neural pathways, respectively. These topographic maps are modified by deprivation, injury and experience, even in adult animals (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Such plasticity has been explained by changes in divergent and convergent projections of the ascending sensory system.…”

Section: Bf Shifts In the Ic Evoked By Acoustic Stimulation Pairedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment of midbrain frequency map in bat auditory system

Gao

Suga²

1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

204

137

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Recent studies of corticofugal modulation of auditory information processing indicate that cortical neurons mediate both a highly focused positive feedback to subcortical neurons ''matched'' in tuning to a particular acoustic parameter and a widespread lateral inhibition to ''unmatched'' subcortical neurons. This cortical function for the adjustment and improvement of subcortical information processing is called egocentric selection. Egocentric selection enhances the neural representation of frequently occurring signals in the central auditory system. For our present studies performed with the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), we hypothesized that egocentric selection adjusts the frequency map of the inferior colliculus (IC) according to auditory experience based on associative learning. To test this hypothesis, we delivered acoustic stimuli paired with electric leg stimulation to the bat, because such paired stimuli allowed the animal to learn that the acoustic stimulus was behaviorally important and to make behavioral and neural adjustments based on the acquired importance of the acoustic stimulus. We found that acoustic stimulation alone evokes a change in the frequency map of the IC; that this change in the IC becomes greater when the acoustic stimulation is made behaviorally relevant by pairing it with electrical stimulation; that the collicular change is mediated by the corticofugal system; and that the IC itself can sustain the change evoked by the corticofugal system for some time. Our data support the hypothesis.The response properties of neurons in the subcortical auditory nuclei, as well as in the auditory cortex (AC) can be changed by associating an acoustic stimulus (conditioning stimulus: CS) with an electric foot stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). After conditioning, the response of neurons in the AC (1-3) and the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the adult guinea pig (4, 5) increases to the frequency of a CS tone, but decreases to other frequencies, including the original best frequencies (BFs) of the neurons. These changes result in a shift in BF toward the frequency of the CS tone. The BF shift lasts at least 8 weeks in the AC (3), at least 1 hr in the dorsal division of the MGB (4), and less than 1 hr in the ventral division of the MGB (5). In the rat, the response of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) increases to frequencies used for a discrimination task (6), and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the IC increases in the iso-BF band representing the frequency of the CS tone (7). All of these studies indicate that information processing in the central auditory system can be modified by auditory experience.However, the neural mechanisms underlying these changes have mostly remained unexplored.Recent studies indicate that cortical neurons of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii) mediate, via corticofugal projection, a highly focused positive feedback to subcortical neurons ''matched'' in tuning to a particular acoustic parameter and a widespread lateral inhibition to ''unmatched'' subcorti...

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Dynamic Regulation of Receptive Fields and Maps in the Adult Sensory Cortex

Cited by 306 publications

References 109 publications

Plasticity of the cochleotopic (frequency) map in specialized and nonspecialized auditory cortices

Plasticity of the cochleotopic (frequency) map in specialized and nonspecialized auditory cortices

Congruency of body-related information induces somatosensory reorganization

Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment of midbrain frequency map in bat auditory system

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