Dynamic RPL for multi-hop routing in IoT applications

Abstract

Abstract-The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) has become the standard routing protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper investigates the use of RPL in dynamic networks and presents an enhanced RPL for different applications with dynamic mobility and diverse network requirements. This implementation of RPL is designed with a new dynamic Objective-Function (D-OF) to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay and energy consumption while maintaining low packet overhead and loop-avoidance. We propose a controlled reverse-trickle timer based on received signal strength identification (RSSI) readings to maintain high responsiveness with minimum overhead and consult the objective function when a movement or an inconsistency is detected to help nodes make an informed decision. Simulations are done using Cooja with random waypoint mobility scenario for healthcare applications considering multi-hop routing. The results show that the proposed dynamic RPL (D-RPL) adapts to the nodes mobility and has a higher PDR, slightly lower end-to-end delay and reasonable energy consumption compared to related existing protocols.

RPL-Based Routing Protocols in IoT Applications: A Review

“…The authors in [72] proposed D-RPL for multihop routing in dynamic IoT applications, aiming to improve the operation of RPL in mobile environments with dynamic requirements. D-RPL uses some of the features of mRPL in addition to an adaptive timer that works as a reverse-trickle timer when mobility is detected.…”

Network Protocols, Schemes, and Mechanisms for Internet of Things (IoT): Features, Open Challenges, and Trends

“…Enhanced-RPL is an enhancement for RPL protocol aiming at enhancing its reliability. Dynamic RPL (D-RPL) [99] is used for the dynamic applications of IoT. D-RPL improves the energy efficiency of the network and the end-to-end delay and more importantly it adapts to mobility changes better than relevant RPL-based protocols.…”

A Game Theoretic Optimization of RPL for Mobile Internet of Things Applications

“…, P n ); k ∈ N . In order to have a measure of mobility, (ARSSI) and LQI are used to evaluate the link quality cost (LQ) as in [9]. Also, an estimated mobility metric that is application specific is used to indicate the mobility level for a given application.…”

“…In any application, lower energy consumption means better life span for the node itself and for the whole network. ARSSI and DIS messages are used to control the trickle timer as in [9][7] and minimize the energy consumed due to control messages. However, with regards to optimizing throughput, limitations arise from the increased energy consumption caused by sending data packets to the sink node.…”

“…The authors in [9] proposed D-RPL for multihop routing in dynamic IoT applications, aiming to improve the operation of RPL in mobile environments with dynamic requirements. D-RPL uses some of the features of mRPL in addition to an adaptive timer that works as a reverse-trickle timer when mobility is detected.…”