“…In nematic phases, the rod-like molecules self-align to have a long-range directional order with their long axes roughly parallel. While maintaining long-range directional order, the molecules are free to flow and their center of mass positions are randomly distributed as in a liquid, see [6,7,13,17,[21][22][23][24]43,50,66,71,[74][75][76][77]84]. In smectic phases, the molecules maintain the general orientational order of nematics, but also tend to align themselves in layers or planes.…”