“…Especially in mathematics and physics, researchers have made significant progress and obtained practical and valuable results. Abundant multi-soliton, M -lump, high-order breather and interaction solutions of NLEEs have been discussed, such as the Hirota–Satsuma–Ito equation (Zhao and He, 2021; Wang et al , 2021), KdV equation (Tan et al , 2019; Khuri, 2023), Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (Liu et al , 2019a, 2019b; Ma et al , 2021; Liu et al , 2022), coupled Higgs field equation (Zhaqilao, 2020), Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Konopelchenko–Schiff system (Han and Bao, 2022; Liu et al , 2021).…”